(Based on structure and written expression)
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| Salah | : | The boy who father is a doctor did not come. |
| Benar | : | The boy whose father is a doctor did not come. |
‘relative pronoun’ whose digunakan untuk menggantikan possessive adjective (his, her, its, their) di dalam relative clause.
| Salah | : | He really put me in jeopardies. |
| Benar | : | He really put me in jeopardy. |
Setelah preposisi, kita harus menggunakan uncountable noun atau plural countable noun, kita tidak boleh menggunakan singular countable noun tanpa ‘a’.
| Salah | : | Soon the defeat, the emperor was caught and hanged. |
| Benar | : | Soon after the defeat, the emperor was caught and hanged. |
‘soon after’ mempunyai arti segera sesudah.
| Salah | : | We will completed the lesson tomorrow. |
| Benar | : | We will complete the lesson tomorrow. |
‘modal auxiliary verb’ will harus diikuti oleh infinitive.
| Salah | : | He is finding it difficult to do the test. |
| Benar | : | He found it difficult to do the test. |
Kata kerja find tidak digunakan dalam bentuk -ing karena termasuk kata kerja non-aksi.
| Salah | : | Scientists have invented a number of portable electrical device. |
| Benar | : | Scientists have invented a number of portable electrical devices. |
‘a number of’ dengan arti “sejumlah” memerlukam plural countable noun.
| Salah | : | an university, an useful tool, a hour, a honor |
| Benar | : | a university, a useful tool, an hour, an honor |
‘article’ an digunakan di depan kata benda yang dimulai dengan bunyi hidup. Walaupun university dimulai dengan huruf hidup, huruf u (dalam kata university) mempunyai bunyi konsonan.
| Salah | : | Paul, that won the prize, is my brother. |
| Benar | : | Paul, who won the prize, is my brother. |
‘relative pronoun’ who menggantikan orang dalam non-defining clause, yaitu clause yang tidak mendefinisikan sesuatu, tetapi hanya sebagai tambahan informasi saja. Jangan gunakan that.
| Salah | : | This machine cost a lot but is enormously help. |
| Benar | : | This machine cost a lot but is enormously helpful. |
‘adverb’ dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective dan ditempatkan di depan adjective yang diterangkan. ‘helpful’ adalah adjective.
| Salah | : | The neon beacons are too visible that they can be seen through dense fog. |
| Benar | : | The neon beacons are so visible that they can be seen through dense fog. |
‘so’ diikuti oleh adjective + that dengan arti begitu + kata sifat + sehingga…
| Salah | : | Policy of the government is not in favor of us. |
| Benar | : | The policy of the government is not in favor of us. |
Kata benda yang diterangkan oleh of phrase harus menggunakan the karena kata benda tersebut sudah teridentifikasi.
| Salah | : | The healthiest food enjoyed by most people it is fruit. |
| Benar | : | The healthiest food enjoyed by most people is fruit. |
Kalimat yang benar adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari subject + verb, bukan subject + pronoun + verb.
| Salah | : | Agronomists work to improve the quality of crops, increase the yield of fields and maintaining the quality of soil. |
| Benar | : | Agronomists work to improve the quality of crops, increase the yield of fields and maintain the quality of soil. |
Kita mengatakan improve, increase dan maintain. Kata kerja tersebut harus paralel.
| Salah | : | Jakarta replaced Yogyakarta the capital of Indonesia. |
| Benar | : | Jakarta replaced Yogyakarta as the capital of Indonesia. |
‘replace’ menggunakan preposisi as.
| Salah | : | Jupiter has four moons were first seen by Galileo. |
| Benar | : | Jupiter’s four moons were first seen by Galileo. |
‘Jupiter’s four moons’ mempunyai arti empat bulan dari Jupiter digunakan sebagai subyek dari kalimat, sedangkan Jupiter has four moons adalah sebuah kalimat.
| Salah | : | The CD ROM attaching to the book is very useful. |
| Benar | : | The CD ROM attached to the book is very useful. |
‘the past participle’ dapat digunakan sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda dan ditempatkan sesudah kata benda yang diterangkan. Bentuk Kalimat ini memerlukan past participle yang mempunyai arti pasif, bukan present participle yang mempunyai arti aktif.
| Salah | : | A book is a number of printed or written sheets who are fastened together within a cover so that the pages can be turned freely. |
| Benar | : | A book is a number of printed or written sheets which are fastened together within a cover so that the pages can be turned freely. |
‘adjective clause’ ‘which are fastened together within a cover’ dapat digunakan untuk membuat definisi dengan menerangkan kata benda. Kata benda yang diterangkan dalam kalimat di atas adalah written sheets sehingga kita memerlukan ‘relative pronoun’ which.
| Salah | : | The boys are grouped on the basis of their weigh. |
| Benar | : | The boys are grouped on the basis of their weight. |
Setelah preposisi ‘of’ kita menempatkan kata benda. Kata benda adalah weight, sedangkan weigh adalah kata kerja.
| Salah | : | Drying meat is not one of the most useful way of preserving food. |
| Benar | : | Drying meat is not one of the most useful ways of preserving food. |
‘one of’ digunakan dengan plural noun karena kita mengatakan satu dari sesuatu yang lebih dari satu (banyak).
| Salah | : | Aspirin is used to counteracting the constriction of the blood vessels |
| Benar | : | Aspirin is used for counteracting the constriction of the blood vessels |
Untuk menyatakan tujuan, kita dapat menggunakan be used for + verb + ing.
| Salah | : | He does seldom it at home. |
| Benar | : | He seldom does it at home. |
‘adverbs of frequency’ ditempatkan di depan kata kerja utama dan setelah subyek atau setelah auxiliary verb seperti dalam kalimat ‘He is always late’.
| Salah | : | Fats are used by the body for energy specifically |
| Benar | : | Fats are used specifically by the body for energy. |
‘adverb’ specifically ditempatkan sedekat mungkin dengan kata kerja yang diterangkan.
| Salah | : | Jelly fish is so called because it rather like jelly. |
| Benar | : | Jelly fish is so called because it looks rather like jelly. |
‘look rather like’ adalah kombinasi kata yang biasanya digunakan bersama dan mempunyai arti nampak seperti.
| Salah | : | It proved use. |
| Benar | : | It proved useful. |
Kata kerja prove diikuti oleh kata sifat (adjective). Beberapa kata kerja lain yang diikuti oleh kata sifat adalah: taste, sound, smell, feel.
| Salah | : | This is the town which I was born. |
| Benar | : | This is the town where / in which I was born. |
Preposisi dapat ditempatkan di depan wh-clause. Kita dapat mengatakan This is the town which I was born in, This is the town in which I was born atau This is the town where I was born.
| Salah | : | He is less four times heavier than John. |
| Benar | : | He is four times heavier than John atau He is four times as heavy as John. |
‘four times’ diikuti oleh comparative adjective + than.
| Salah | : | We are thirst. |
| Benar | : | We are thirsty. |
Salah satu konstruksi kalimat yang menggunakan be (kata kerja bantu) adalah subject + be + adjective. Kita menggunakan thirsty karena thirsty adalah kata sifat (adjective).
| Salah | : | The building which was established by Johnson on seventy acres of land east of Jakarta. |
| Benar | : | The building was established by Johnson on seventy acres of land east of Jakarta. |
Setiap kalimat bahasa Inggris harus mempunyai kata kerja utama (main verb). ‘which was established’ adalah anak kalimat. Kita menggunakan ‘was established’ sebagai main verb dalam kalimat pasif.
| Salah | : | The consume of candles |
| Benar | : | The consumption of candles |
Kita menggunakan kata benda abstrak dalam bentuk frasa di atas. Kata benda abstrak dari consume adalah consumption.
| Salah | : | It has been an issue controversial since last year. |
| Benar | : | It has been a controversial issue since last year. |
‘adjective’ digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda dan biasanya ditempatkan di depan noun (kata benda).
| Salah | : | When he was a child, he wanted to be a prominence lawyer. |
| Benar | : | When he was a child, he wanted to be a prominent lawyer. |
Pada umumnya, kita menggunakan kata sifat (adjective) untuk menerangkan kata benda.
| Salah | : | As members of the team, he feels responsible for it. |
| Benar | : | As a member of the team, he feels responsible for it. |
‘he’ adalah tunggal sehingga memerlukan kata benda a member.
| Salah | : | On October 10 he has celebrated his birthday. |
| Benar | : | On October 10 he celebrated his birthday. |
Kita menggunakan the simple past tense jika ada indikator waktu lampau dalam sebuah kalimat.
| Salah | : | He bought it at cost of 5 dollars. |
| Benar | : | He bought it at the cost of 5 dollars |
‘at the cost of’ mempunyai arti seharga.
| Salah | : | The need to improve technique motivates them to practicing daily. |
| Benar | : | The need to improve technique motivates them to practice daily. |
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada tipe kata kerja seperti motivate dengan konstruksi motivate someone + to + infinitive.
| Salah | : | He spent all his time to study in the library. |
| Benar | : | He spent all his time studying in the library. |
Dalam bahasa Inggris kata kerja spend menggunakan gerund, ‘spend his time + gerund (verb + ing)’.
| Salah | : | Unlike tigers, the cows eat vegetables. |
| Benar | : | Unlike tigers, cows eat vegetables. |
| Salah | : | The tiger is closely related to lions. |
| Benar | : | The tiger is closely related to the lion. |
‘parallel structure’ memerlukan dua kata atau frasa atau klausa yang sejenis. Dalam kalimat di atas, tigers paralel dengan cows dan the tiger paralel dengan the lion.
| Salah | : | An elephant can lift as many as a ton with its tusks. |
| Benar | : | An elephant can lift as much as a ton with its tusks. |
Untuk menyatakan jumlah satuan ukuran berat kita dapat menggunakan much.
| Salah | : | Orang Utans eat a variety of foods; among are bananas and peanuts. |
| Benar | : | Orang Utans eat a variety of foods; among them are bananas and peanuts. |
“Diantaranya adalah…” dalam bahasa Inggris adalah among them are…
| Salah | : | the more nearer, the better |
| Benar | : | the nearer, the better |
Bentuk komparatif dari near adalah nearer. ‘double comparative’ menggunakan konstruksi the + comparative adjective, the + comparative adjective.
| Salah | : | Water constitutes almost of the body’s content. |
| Benar | : | Water constitutes most of the body’s content. |
Kita mengatakan most of dengan arti sebagian besar dari, sedangkan almost berarti hampir.
| Salah | : | You can see the park there are oddly shaped and colored rocks. |
| Benar | : | You can see the park where there are oddly shaped and colored rocks. |
‘the park’ adalah tempat. Kita menggunakan relative pronoun ‘where’ untuk menerangkannya.
| Salah | : | Many the characters are mentally ill. |
| Benar | : | Many of the characters are mentally ill. |
“banyak dari” dalam bahasa Inggris adalah many of. ‘many of’ diikuti oleh plural countable noun.
| Salah | : | An octopus has three hearts to pump blood throughout their body. |
| Benar | : | An octopus has three hearts to pump blood throughout its body. |
‘an octopus’ adalah bentuk tunggal dan memerlukan possessive adjective ‘its’.
| Salah | : | The studies show that the medicine is not very effective as the other one. |
| Benar | : | The studies show that the medicine is not as effective as the other one. |
Bentuk negatif dari equal comparative menggunakan not as….as bukan not very…as.
| Salah | : | Most the newspapers report murder and robbery. |
| Benar | : | Most (of the) newspapers report murder and robbery. |
Kita mengatakan most newspapers atau most of the newspapers. Kita tidak mengatakan most the newspapers atau most of newspapers.
| Salah | : | Landscape painting is a dominant art forms in the nineteenth century. |
| Benar | : | Landscape painting is a dominant art form in the nineteenth century. |
‘article’ a menggunakan kata benda tunggal.
| Salah | : | the 1890’s in America is known as a Gay nineties. |
| Benar | : | the 1890’s in America is known as Gay nineties. |
‘nineties’ adalah jamak. Kita tidak menggunakan a.
| Salah | : | It is three hundred meters long and no more than two hundred meters wide. |
| Benar | : | It is three hundred meters long and not more than two hundred meters wide. |
Bentuk negatif dari more than adalah not more than.
| Salah | : | If it did not exist, there will be… |
| Benar | : | If it did not exist, there would be … |
‘conditional sentences’ dapat menggunakan there dalam main clause. Jika if clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk lampau, maka dalam main clause kita harus menggunakan the modal auxiliary verb ‘would’.
| Salah | : | Philosophers have long been realized that there are some questions that can never be answered. |
| Benar | : | Philosophers have long realized that there are some questions that can never be answered. |
Bentuk kalimat aktif dari the present perfect tense tidak menggunakan been dan mempunyai konstruksi: subject + has/have + the past participle dan adverb ‘long’ dapat ditempatkan setelah has/have dan sebelum the past participle.
| Salah | : | One purpose in a business organization is to make profit. |
| Benar | : | One purpose of a business organization is to make profit. |
Kita dapat mengatakan a business organization’s purpose atau a purpose of a business organization. Kita menggunakan preposisi ‘of’.
| Salah | : | By the time other planets are explored, Mars will have colonized. |
| Benar | : | By the time other planets are explored, Mars will have been colonized. |
Kalimat pasif dalam the future perfect tense menggunakan been dengan konstruksi:
subject + will have + been + the past participle.
| Salah | : | There are thousands of bacteria, most of which is harmless. |
| Benar | : | There are thousands of bacteria, most of which are harmless. |
‘bacteria’ dalah bentuk jamak. Bentuk tunggal dari bacteria adalah bacterium. Jadi, most of which adalah jamak dengan arti most of the bacteria (kebanyakan dari bakteri tersebut) dan memerlukan kata kerja jamak ‘are’.
| Salah | : | A business famous in property, Harry, invested his money in banking business. |
| Benar | : | A businessman famous in property, Harry, invested his money in banking business. |
‘Harry’ adalah seorang manusia sehingga kita mengatakan a businessman.
| Salah | : | We commemorate the time we have spent together. |
| Benar | : | We commemorate the time we spent together. |
‘commemorate’ berarti mengenang sesuatu yang terjadi di masa lampau. Jadi, kita menggunakan the simple past tense ‘we spent’.
| Salah | : | At school many students and teachers. |
| Benar | : | At school there are many students. |
Kalimat di atas tidak ada subyek. Kita menggunakan subyek there yang sebenarnya tidak ada arti. ‘there’ diterjemahkan menjadi ada.
| Salah | : | We attended the lecture except that John. |
| Benar | : | We attended the lecture except John. |
‘except’ adalah preposition dan harus diikuti oleh noun, sedangkan except that diikuti oleh clause.
| Salah | : | It is the recommendation of the government that all children are vaccinated against a variety of diseases. |
| Benar | : | It is the recommendation of the government that all children be vaccinated against a variety of diseases. |
Setelah kata benda recommendation yang mengandung unsur perintah, permintaan dan pemaksaan, maka kata kerja dalam noun clause (anak kalimat) harus dalam bentuk subjunctive (bentuk infinitive dari kata kerja). Jadi kita menggunakan be yang merupakan bentuk infinitive dari kata kerja bantu am, is, are, was, were.
| Salah | : | They are classified according to they are shaped. |
| Benar | : | They are classified according to how they are shaped. |
Dalam kalimat di atas kita mengatakan according to something. ‘something’ dapat berupa wh-clause.
| Salah | : | It is more than a thousand foot long. |
| Benar | : | It is more than a thousand feet long |
‘a thousand’ diikuti oleh kata benda jamak yang menyatakan sejumlah ukuran + kata sifat.
| Salah | : | The rank as the most important crop in Indonesia is rice. |
| Benar | : | What ranks as the most important crop in Indonesia is rice |
Subyek kalimat di atas memerlukan clause sebagai subyek. Kita menggunakan ‘wh-clause’ yang dapat menggantikan something dan memerlukan kata kerja tunggal.
| Salah | : | You were unhappy with the service, you could report it to the manager. |
| Benar | : | Were you unhappy with the service, you could report it to the manager |
| Benar | : | If you were unhappy with the service, you could report it to the manager. |
‘Were you unhappy’ sama dengan if you were unhappy. Bentuk kalimat conditional ini dapat diinversi jika kalimat mempunyai auxiliary verb.
| Salah | : | He has served as the manager in the company from 1998 until 1999. |
| Benar | : | He served as the manager in the company from 1998 until 1999. |
Sesuatu yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan berakhir di masa lampau menggunakan the simple past tense. Sesuatu yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan berlangsung sampai sekarang menggunakan the present perfect tense.
| Salah | : | She is call James as she looks like a boy. |
| Benar | : | She is called James as she looks like a boy |
Kalimat pasif dibentuk dengan be + the past participle. ‘the past participle’ dari call adalah called.
| Salah | : | This medicine is used to cure such infectious diseases for measles and hepatitis. |
| Benar | : | This medicine is used to cure such infectious diseases as measles and hepatitis. |
‘such’ diikuti oleh noun + as.
| Salah | : | Author Paul A. Samuelson together with William D. Nordhaus were the writer of Microeconomics which was published in 1998. |
| Benar | : | Author Paul Samuelson together with William D. Nordhaus was the writer of Microeconomics which was published in 1998. |
‘together with’ tidak mempengaruhi kata benda di depannya. Jadi kata kerja jamak atau tunggal ditentukan oleh benda yang pertama sebelum together with. Dalam hal kalimat di atas, kata kerja tunggal yang diperlukan.
| Salah | : | The meeting is held in Bali annual. |
| Benar | : | The meeting is held in Bali annually. |
‘held’ (verb) memerlukan adverb untuk menerangkannya. Jadi, adverb ‘annually’ yang digunakan, sedangkan annual adalah adjective.
| Salah | : | Used by fishing, the fishing rod is flexible. |
| Benar | : | Used for fishing, the fishing rod is flexible. |
‘used for’ dengan arti digunakan untuk diikuti oleh kata kerja + ing.
| Salah | : | It was neither a pair of shoes or a pair of sandals. |
| Benar | : | It was neither a pair of shoes nor a pair of sandals. |
‘neither’ berpasangan dengan nor (neither…nor)(tidak….dan tidak…)
| Salah | : | It travels in all direction. |
| Benar | : | It travels in all directions. |
‘all’ berarti semua. Ini berarti banyak. Jadi kita menggunakan bentuk jamak dari direction, yaitu directions.
| Salah | : | Gas consists of hydrocarbon molecules that breaks apart into hydrogen and carbon atoms when heated. |
| Benar | : | Gas consists of hydrocarbon molecules that break apart into hydrogen and carbon atoms when heated. |
Subyek dari kata kerja break adalah hydrocarbon molecules (bentuk jamak). Subyek jamak memerlukan kata kerja jamak (hydrocarbon molecules that break…).
| Salah | : | The possible cause of more than two thirds of the cases are too much consumption of oil. |
| Benar | : | The possible cause of more than two thirds of the cases is too much consumption of oil. |
Subyek kalimat di atas adalah cause, yaitu kata benda tunggal dan memerlukan kata kerja tunggal ‘is’.
| Salah | : | This truck is good for military operates. |
| Benar | : | This truck is good for military operations. |
Preposisi ‘for’ diikuti oleh noun phrase. ‘operations’ adalah noun, sedangkan operates adalah verb.
| Salah | : | Many states do laws regulating production processes of healthy food. |
| Benar | : | Many states make laws regulating production processes of healthy food. |
| Salah | : | He makes exercises every morning |
| Benar | : | He does exercises every morning. |
‘make’ digunakan dengan kata benda abstrak, sedangkan do digunakan dengan kata benda yang menunjukkan tugas dan pekerjaan.
| Salah | : | It threatens the environment rather balances it. |
| Benar | : | It threatens the environment rather than balances it. |
‘rather’ diikuti oleh than. Kata yang mengikuti rather than harus paralel dengan kata sebelumnya. Dalam kalimat di atas threatens parallel dengan balances.
| Salah | : | He eventual became a sportsman who won three Olympic gold medals. |
| Benar | : | He eventually became a sportsman who won three Olympic gold medals. |
| Salah | : | George Walter Bush has narrow defeated John Kerry in the 2004’s election. |
| Benar | : | George Walter Bush has narrowly defeated John Kerry in the 2004’s election. |
‘adverb’ eventually dan narrowly ditempatkan setelah auxiliary verb ‘has’ dan sebelum main verb (defeated). Jangan gunakan kata sifat (adjective).
| Salah | : | The soybean, a plant native to China and Japan, has become one of the most popular crop in other countries. |
| Benar | : | The soybean, a plant native to China and Japan, has become one of the most popular crops in other countries. |
‘one of the most’ digunakan dengan plural noun karena mempunyai arti satu dari sesuatu yang lebih dari satu (banyak).
| Salah | : | He considered that all effort done (as) use. |
| Benar | : | He considered that all effort done (as) useless. |
‘consider something’ dapat digunakan dengan atau tanpa as (as adalah optional) dan diikuti oleh adjective atau noun. Dalam kalimat di atas useless lebih tepat.
| Salah | : | Vaccinations have completely prevented certain diseases such as typhoid and hepatitis from spread. |
| Benar | : | Vaccinations have completely prevented certain diseases such as typhoid and hepatitis from spreading. |
Preposisi harus diikuti oleh kata benda. Jika preposisi diikuti oleh kata kerja, maka kata kerja tersebut harus diubah menjadi kata benda. Untuk mengubah kata kerja menjadi kata benda, kita dapat menambahkan akhiran -ing pada kata kerja tersebut. Bentuk verb ing ini disebut juga dengan gerund.
| Salah | : | The role of a father is to help his children to figure out what do they have to do in different moral situations. |
| Benar | : | The role of a father is to help his children to figure out what they have to do in different moral situations. |
Anak kalimat mempunyai susunan subject + verb, bukan verb + subject.
| Salah | : | He didn’t do much save the child. |
| Benar | : | He didn’t do much to save the child. |
| Salah | : | The animal uses its tongue licking up insects. |
| Benar | : | The animal uses its tongue to lick up insects. |
‘not do much’ diikuti oleh to + infinitive dengan arti tidak melakukan banyak untuk dan use something diikuti oleh to + infinitive dengan arti menggunakan sesuatu untuk.
| Salah | : | The invention of rockets has made moon-landing possibly. |
| Benar | : | The invention of rockets has made moon-landing possible. |
‘make something’ diikuti oleh adjective (kata sifat). Possible adalah adjective, sedangkan possibly adalah adverb.
| Salah | : | A so loud sound such as rocket launch carries more than a million times more energy than the sound of a mosquito buzzing. |
| Benar | : | A loud sound such as rocket launch carries more than a million times more energy than the sound of a mosquito buzzing. |
Kita menggunakan ‘noun phrase’ di depan ‘such as’.
| Salah | : | Flour is important ingredient for making bread. |
| Benar | : | Flour is an important ingredient for making bread. |
‘article’ a atau the harus digunakan di depan singular countable noun.
| Salah | : | The suddenly rise of the water level of the dam has worried the people. |
| Benar | : | The sudden rise of the water level of the dam has worried the people. |
‘rise’ adalah noun. ‘noun’ harus diterangkan oleh adjective (sudden), bukan oleh adverb (suddenly).
| Salah | : | The singer, a very famous one, known as gay. |
| Salah | : | The singer, a very famous one, is/was known as gay. |
Kalimat pasif harus menggunakan be (be + the past participle). Kalimat di atas tidak mempunyai be. Bentuk be yang tepat untuk kalimat di atas adalah is atau was.
| Salah | : | It was the invention of the assembly line instead than the increase in the average pay of workers that allowed automobiles to be purchased by so many people in the early twentieth century. |
| Benar | : | It was the invention of the assembly line rather than the increase in the average pay of workers that allowed automobiles to be purchased by so many people in the early twentieth century. |
Konstruksi paralel harus digunakan dalam kalimat yang mengandung rather than. Dalam contoh kalimat di atas the invention of the assembly line (noun phrase) paralel dengan the increase in the average pay of workers (noun phrase).
| Salah | : | Dolphins easily gather precise information about the nature of their surroundings sooner than other aquatic creatures does. |
| Benar | : | Dolphins easily gather precise information about the nature of their surroundings sooner than other aquatic creatures do. |
‘other aquatic creatures’ adalah jamak sehingga memerlukan auxiliary verb jamak, yaitu do.
| Salah | : | After beginning of any industrial revolution, the rural population steadily shifts toward urban centers. |
| Benar | : | After the beginning of any industrial revolution, the rural population steadily shifts toward urban centers. |
Konstruksi of phrase digunakan dengan the + gerund (verb +ing).
| Salah | : | Preventative health care programs attempt to reduce medical cost by correction dangerous lifestyle choices that may lead to chronic problems at a later date. |
| Benar | : | Preventative health care programs attempt to reduce medical cost by correcting dangerous lifestyle choices that may lead to chronic problems at a later date. |
‘by’ adalah preposisi dan harus diikuti oleh verb + ing (gerund). ‘verb + ing’ diterjemahkan sebagai kata kerja dalam bahasa Indonesia. ‘by correcting’ menjadi dengan mengoreksi.
| Salah | : | The first one go home is Tina. |
| Benar | : | The first one to go home is Tina. |
‘the + ordinal number (the first, the second, the third)’ dapat diikuti oleh to + infinitive.
| Salah | : | The periodic table contains all the elements, each of them has a particular atomic weight and atomic number. |
| Benar | : | The periodic table contains all the elements, each of which has a particular atomic weight and atomic number. |
‘each of which’ berarti masing-masing dari elemen tersebut dan digunakan dengan tanda baca koma (,) di depannya.
| Salah | : | It remains a puzzling. |
| Benar | : | It remains a puzzle. |
Kata kerja remain dapat diikuti oleh noun maupun adjective.
| Salah | : | You can find this word from a largest dictionary. |
| Benar | : | You can find this word from the largest dictionary. |
‘the superlative adjective’ dibentuk dengan the + adjective (dengan satu suku kata) + -est atau the most + adjective (dengan dua kata atau lebih).
| Salah | : | In realization, this medicine helps a lot to cure the disease. |
| Benar | : | In reality, this medicine helps a lot to cure the disease. |
In reality mempunyai arti dalam realita, sedangkan in realization, dalam proses menjadi kenyataan.
| Salah | : | There have been few changes in the way cement is made when a British bricklayer discovered it. |
| Benar | : | There have been few changes in the way cement is made since a British bricklayer discovered it. |
The present perfect tense dapat menggunakan kata since + keterangan waktu/clause.
| Salah | : | Every one student has to read these questions in order to get a higher score. |
| Benar | : | Every student has to read these questions in order to get a higher score. |
‘every’ digunakan di depan kata benda, bukan di depan kata ganti maupun angka.
| Salah | : | General speaking, soft drinks and candy should be avoided in the interest of dental care |
| Benar | : | Generally speaking, soft drinks and candy should be avoided in the interest of dental care. |
Generally speaking adalah adverb of sentences, yaitu adverb yang menerangkan seluruh kalimat.
| Salah | : | In spite of the extreme cold of Antarctica, there are little snowfall in the region. |
| Benar | : | In spite of the extreme cold of Antarctica, there is little snowfall in the region. |
‘snowfall’ adalah uncountable noun sehingga kita menggunakan auxiliary verb ‘is’.
| Salah | : | None protection can be given to you unless you follow our instructions. |
| Benar | : | No protection can be given to you unless you follow our instructions. |
No dapat ditempatkan di depan singular ataupun plural countable noun atau uncountable noun.
| Salah | : | The bridge was more longer than the other one. |
| Benar | : | The bridge was longer than the other one. |
‘the comparative adjective’ mempunyai susunan adjective (yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata) + er atau more + adjective (yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih suku kata).
| Salah | : | The building is 100 feet height. |
| Benar | : | The building is 100 feet high. |
‘seratus kaki tingginya’ dalam bahasa Inggris adalah 100 feet high. Gunakan kata sifat ‘high’, sedangkan ‘height’ adalah kata benda.
| Salah | : | Upon heated, liquids will evaporate. |
| Benar | : | When heated, liquids will evaporate. |
‘when’ mempunyai arti ketika, sedangkan upon mempunyai arti setelah.
| Salah | : | He has great scientist talent. |
| Benar | : | He has great scientific talent. |
‘scientific’ adalah adjective dengan arti ilmiah, sedangkan scientist adalah noun dengan arti ilmuwan.
| Salah | :Value for their fur, beaver were hunted and threatened with extinction. | |
| Benar | :Valued for their fur, beaver were hunted and threatened with extinction. |
‘valued for their fur’ berarti dihargai atas bulu mereka, sedangkan ‘value for their fur’ berarti nilai atas bulu mereka.
| Salah | : | We didn’t know that he was tallest basketball player in the world. |
| Benar | : | We didn’t know that he was the tallest basketball player in the world. |
The superlative adjective dibentuk dengan adjective (satu atau dua suku kata) + est atau the most + adjective (dua atau lebih dari dua suku kata).
| Salah | : | Vitamin C has more health benefits than do vitamin E. |
| Benar | : | Vitamin C has more health benefits than does vitamin E. |
Kalimat yang mengandung more than dapat juga diinversi setelah than.
| Salah | : | Where does a river intersects another river, a city usually is formed. |
| Benar | : | Where a river intersects another river, a city usually is formed. |
Susunan dalam anak kalimat adalah subject + verb bukan verb + subject.
| Salah | : | It was in 1998 that the game will take place. |
| Benar | : | It was in 1998 that the game took place. |
It was dapat diikuti oleh prepositional phrase of time (frasa yang dimulai dengan preposisi yang menyatakan waktu) + that clause.
| Salah | : | They paid in cash; thereby avoid any problems with tax. |
| Benar | : | They paid in cash; thereby avoiding any problems with tax. |
‘thereby’ adalah adverb dan mempunyai arti by doing or saying that (dengan melakukan dan mengatakan itu). ‘thereby’ dapat diikuti oleh verb + ing.
| Salah | : | Not until they conquered the lands of China introduced was innovative farming. |
| Benar | : | Not until they conquered the lands of China was innovative farming introduced. |
Kita dapat membalik susunan subject + verb menjadi verb + subject jika kita menggunakan kata yang berkonotasi negatif di depan kalimat seperti not until.
| Salah | : | Some spiders were equipped with the ability to spray poisonous juices at predators or members of own species. |
| Benar | : | Some spiders were equipped with the ability to spray poisonous juices at predators or members of their own species. |
Kita tidak dapat hanya mengatakan own species tetapi harus menggunakan possessive adjective di depan own species menjadi their own species.
| Salah | : | When he screamed for help, it is later found out that he had been robbed. |
| Benar | : | When he screamed for help, it was later found out that he had been robbed. |
Kalimat di atas mempunyai arti: Ketika dia berteriak, kemudian diketahui bahwa dia telah dirampok. Gunakan the simple past tense karena kejadiannya terjadi di masa lampau.
| Salah | : | The civil right movement should not be stopped by the government. |
| Benar | : | The civil rights movement should not be stopped by the government. |
‘rights’ harus dalam bentuk jamak dan berarti hak-hak. Kita mengatakan civil rights, human rights, women’s rights.
| Salah | : | The world changed a lot during the century twentieth. |
| Benar | : | The world changed a lot during the twentieth century. |
‘the’ digunakan dengan ordinal number, the first, the second, the twentieth.
| Salah | : | He is known a singer who has won more than a dozen awards. |
| Benar | : | He is known as a singer who has won more than a dozen awards. |
‘be known as’ mempunyai arti pasif: dikenal sebagai.
| Salah | : | Flies are able to reproduce in tremendous numbers despite of their brief life span. |
| Benar | : | Flies are able to reproduce in tremendous numbers despite their brief life span. |
‘despite’ diikuti oleh kata benda, sedangkan bentuk despite of tidak ada. Yang ada adalah in spite of yang sama artinya dengan despite.
| Salah | : | It depends greatly on the culture in that the burial takes place. |
| Benar | : | It depends greatly on the culture in which the burial takes place. |
‘in which’ menyatakan tempat dan dapat diganti dengan where.
| Salah | : | Alike coffee, tea contains a substantial amount of caffeine. |
| Benar | : | Like coffee, tea contains a substantial amount of caffeine. |
‘like’ (preposition) mempunyai arti seperti sedangkan alike adalah adjective dan digunakan secara predikatif (ditempatkan setelah be/linking verb) seperti dalam This book and that book are alike.
| Salah | : | Real mountain climbers will call themselves real mountain climbers if they have climbed the Mount Everest. |
| Benar | : | Real mountain climbers will call themselves real mountain climbers if they have climbed Mount Everest. |
‘Mount’ digunakan di depan nama gunung tanpa article the.
| Salah | : | The area of Jakarta is considerably larger than Bekasi. |
| Benar | : | The area of Jakarta is considerably larger than that of Bekasi. |
Jika yang dibandingkan adalah sesuatu dari sesuatu, maka kita menggunakan that of,
dan those of. Jika sesuatu yang dibandingkan itu tunggal, kita menggunakan that of dan those of jika sesuatu yang dibandingkan itu adalah jamak.
| Salah | : | During the civil war he has fought courageously for the destruction of slavery. |
| Benar | : | During the civil war he fought courageously for the destruction of slavery. |
Gunakan the simple past tense untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa lampau. ‘during the civil war’ merupakan indikator sesuatu itu terjadi di masa lampau.
| Salah | : | The shirt is too tight to wear it. |
| Benar | : | The shirt is too tight to wear. |
Konstruksi kalimat di atas tidak boleh menggunakan ’it’. Jika menggunakan 'it' kita bisa menambahkan 'for me': This shirt is too tight for me to wear (it). 'it' adalah optional jika kita menggunakan 'for somebody'.
| Salah | : | The new laws require that trees be planted on the sides of the house what face east and west. |
| Benar | : | The new laws require that trees be planted on the sides of the house that face east and west. |
‘adjective clause’ yang dimulai dengan that digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. ‘adjective clause’ that face east and west menerangkan the house.
| Salah | : | Considerate time should be spent in choosing a college major. |
| Benar | : | Considerable time should be spent in choosing a college major. |
‘considerate’ (adjective) mempunyai arti penuh perhatian, sedangkan considerable mempunyai arti sejumlah besar.
| Salah | : | The case was reopened large due to new medical evidence. |
| Benar | : | The case was reopened largely due to new medical evidence. |
‘largely’ (adverb) mempunyai arti terutama (mainly), sedangkan large mempunyai arti besar.
| Salah | : | The writing of that novel was based largely onto historical facts. |
| Benar | : | The writing of that novel was based largely on historical facts. |
Kata kerja base diikuti oleh preposisi on bukan onto.
| Salah | : | It has a tensile strong capable of supporting a weight of one ton. |
| Benar | : | It has a tensile strength capable of supporting a weight of one ton. |
‘strength’ adalah kata benda, sedangkan ‘strong’ adalah kata sifat. Kalimat di atas harus menggunakan kata benda karena adjective ‘tensile’ menerangkan benda (strength).
| Salah | : | The invention of electric products have made our life enjoyable. |
| Benar | : | The invention of electric products has made our life enjoyable. |
Subjek the invention adalah tunggal sehingga memerlukan kata kerja tunggal.
| Salah | : | Mozart was believed to like either classical and popular music. |
| Benar | : | Mozart was believed to like both classical and popular music. |
| Benar | : | Mozart was believed to like either classical or popular music. |
‘both’ berpasangan dengan and dengan arti baik…maupun, sedangkan either berpasangan dengan or dengan arti salah satu (atau).
| Salah | : | The two more notorious terrorists were finally sentenced to life imprisonment. |
| Benar | : | The two most notorious terrorists were finally sentenced to life imprisonment. |
‘the two most notorious’ mempunyai arti dua yang paling terkenal jahat. ‘superlative adjective’ dibentuk dengan the + most + adjective untuk adjective yang lebih dari satu suku kata.
| Salah | : | Using this product reduce the risk of fire. |
| Benar | : | Using this product reduces the risk of fire. |
‘verb + ing’ (gerund) dapat digunakan sebagai subyek dari kalimat dan menggunakan kata kerja tunggal (singular verb).
| Salah | : | George W.Bush, that instructed the attacked of Iraq has become the president for the second time. |
| Benar | : | George W. Bush, who instructed the attacked of Iraq has become the president for the second time. |
‘sub-clause’ yang berupa tambahan informasi yang tidak mendefinisikan kata benda menggunakan who, tidak menggunakan that.
| Salah | : | The beach is very polluted that swimming is prohibited. |
| Benar | : | The beach is so polluted that swimming is prohibited. |
‘so’ diikuti oleh adjective + that clause.
| Salah | : | We had a discussion range over many different topics. |
| Benar | : | We had a discussion ranging over many different topics. |
‘ranging’ adalah the present particple yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan a discussion.
| Salah | : | Similar to the traditional crafts of that village, that of this village are made of wood. |
| Benar | : | Similar to the traditional crafts of that village, those of this village are made of wood. |
‘those of this village’ sama dengan the traditional crafts of this village. Kita tidak perlu mengulangi the traditional crafts. Karena the traditional crafts adalah jamak, kita menggunakan those of. Jika benda yang dimaksud adalah tunggal, gunakan that of.
| Salah | : | In the past people belief that the earth was not round. |
| Benar | : | In the past people believed that the earth was not round. |
‘believe’ adalah kata kerja, sedangkan belief adalah kata benda. Kalimat di atas memerlukan kata kerja believed (bentuk lampau).
| Salah | : How old a person can be judged from his or her face. | |
| Benar | : How old a person is can be judged from his or her face. |
‘noun clause’ yang dimulai dengan how dapat berfungsi sebagai subyek kalimat. ‘clause’ selalu memiliki kata kerja dengan kombinasi subject + verb. ‘noun clause’ di atas adalah ‘how old a person is’. ‘how old a person’ adalah subject dan ‘is’ adalah verb.
| Salah | : | It does without saying that he is a loyal husband. |
| Benar | : | It is without saying that he is a loyal husband. |
‘It is without saying…’ mempunyai arti Tak perlu dikatakan lagi bahwa… Salahsatu penggunaan kata kerja bantu ‘is’ adalah dikombinasikan dengan preposisi (be + prepositional phrase). ‘without saying’ adalah prepositional phrase, yaitu frasa yang dimulai dengan preposisi.
| Salah | : | The ear is the part of body that has the least bone. |
| Benar | : | The ear is the part of the body that has the least bone. |
Jika of diikuti oleh singular noun, kita harus menggunakan the di depan singular noun. Jika of diikuti oleh plural noun atau uncountable noun, penggunaan the adalah optional.
| Salah | : | The comic section of the book gives the reader a humorous perspective on the lives. |
| Benar | : | The comic section of the book gives the reader a humorous perspective on lives. |
Jika preposisi diikuti oleh noun yang menyatakan sesuatu yang umum, kita menggunakan plural noun tanpa the. ‘lives’ (plural noun) dengan arti kehidupan secara umum sehingga tidak memerlukan article (zero article).
| Salah | : | One side of the brain controls the left side of the body, and another side of its control the right side of the body. |
| Benar | : | One side of the brain controls the left side of the body, and the other side of its control the right side of the body. |
Dua benda yang sudah pasti mempunyai dua sisi menggunakan kombinasi one…, the other….
| Salah | : | The government forbade the practice of native customary. |
| Benar | : | The government forbade the practice of native customs. |
‘customs’ adalah countable noun dengan arti established socially accepted practice (tradisi).
| Salah | : | Out of the soil it grew the plant. |
| Benar | : | Out of the soil grew the plant. |
Susunan kalimat di mana preposisi ditempatkan di depan dapat dibalik susunannya menjadi verb + subject.
| Salah | : | The goats have four legs and is short-tailed animals. |
| Benar | : | The goats have four legs and are short-tailed animals. |
‘plural subject’ memerlukan plural verb.
| Salah | : | His book has inspired me as well as woke me up. |
| Benar | : | His book has inspired me as well as woken me up. |
Kata ‘inspired’ harus paralel dengan kata ‘woken’, yaitu sama-sama adalah the past participle.
| Salah | : | The company has not been running smoothly and is in the verge of bankruptcy. |
| Benar | : | The company has not been running smoothly and is on the verge of bankruptcy. |
‘on the verge of’ mempunyai arti very near to the stated condition or action
(di ambang).
| Salah | : Finding the area of a square, multiply its length and its width. | |
| Benar | : To find the area of a square, multiply its length and its width. |
Gunakan to + infinitive dengan arti tujuan.
| Salah | : | Monalisa was famous about her beauty. |
| Benar | : | Monalisa was famous for her beauty. |
‘famous’ adalah adjective dengan arti terkenal dan diikuti oleh preposisi for.
| Salah | : | To make good wine, you have to age it for so long as three years. |
| Benar | : | To make good wine, you have to age it for as long as three years. |
‘for’ dapat diikuti oleh as long as + a period of time. ‘as long as’ mempunyai arti sepanjang.
| Salah | : | It takes time to get used to this Indonesian typical custom. |
| Benar | : | It takes time to get used to this typical Indonesian custom. |
‘noun’ diterangkan oleh adjective of nationality terlebih dahulu baru kemudian oleh pure adjective.
| Salah | : | It was her book was published in 1998 that set the beginning of women’s movements. |
| Benar | : | It was her book that was published in 1998 that set the beginning of women’s movements. |
‘it’ dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi seseorang dan diikuti oleh adjective clause.
| Salah | : | Puncak has long being a resort that we often visit. |
| Benar | : | Puncak has long been a resort that we often visit. |
‘the present perfect tense’ dapat mempunyai konstruksi: subject + has/have + been + noun/adjective/prepositional phrase/adverb. Kalimat di atas adalah subject + has/have + been + noun.
| Salah | : | He has a hairy face, black hair and big eye. |
| Benar | : | He has a hairy face, black hair and big eyes. |
Gunakan eyes (plural noun) karena manusia mempunyai dua buah mata.
| Salah | : | Christmas has always been a specially day for Christians. |
| Benar | : | Christmas has always been a special day for Christians. |
‘special’ adalah adjective dengan arti khusus yang selalu ditempatkan di depan kata benda, sedangkan specially adalah adverb dengan arti for a particular purpose (untuk tujuan khusus).
| Salah | : | More houses were built during his administration than during the tenure of any the other minister. |
| Benar | : | More houses were built during his administration than during the tenure of any other minister. |
‘more… + than any other + singular noun’ mempunyai arti lebih banyak… dari… yang lain. Kalimat di atas mempunyai arti Lebih banyak rumah di bangun selama pemerintahan dia daripada semasa pemerintahan menteri yang lain.
| Salah | : | There are few places so beautiful as Bali. |
| Benar | : | There are few places as beautiful as Bali. |
“secantik Bali” adalah as beautiful as Bali.
| Salah | : | In the year of 2030, the world’s population is estimated of about 9 billion. |
| Benar | : | In the year of 2030, the world’s population is estimated at about 9 billion. |
‘at’ diikuti oleh angka yang menunjukkan suatu tingkat seperti kecepatan, jumlah
dan lain-lain.
| Salah | : | Inside his book, he talks about the conspiracy of high-ranked government officers. |
| Benar | : | Inside his book, he talks about the conspiracy of high-ranked government |
‘in’ mempunyai arti di dalam, sedangkan inside mempunyai arti di sebelah dalam.
| Salah | : | The songs of mine are like my sister’s. |
| Benar | : | The songs of mine are like those of my sister’s. |
‘those of’ sama artinya dengan the songs of
| Salah | : | The dog has serviced its master for more than ten years. |
| Benar | : | The dog has served its master for more than ten years. |
‘serve’ adalah kata kerja dengan arti mengabdi, sedangkan service juga adalah kata kerja tetapi dengan arti memperbaiki.
| Salah | : | Before never have we seen such a strong man as Hercules. |
| Benar | : | Never before have we seen such a strong man as Hercules. |
“tidak pernah sebelumya” dalam bahasa Inggris adalah never before bukan before never.
| Salah | : | His love of beautiful, practicality and order can be seen in his book. |
| Benar | : | His love of beauty, practicality and order can be seen in his book. |
‘beautiful’ adalah adjective, sedangkan beauty adalah noun.
| Salah | : | It is important protect the environment for the sake of our children in the future. |
| Benar | : | It is important to protect the environment for the sake of our children in the future. |
Salah satu konstruksi yang menggunakan it sebagai subjek kalimat adalah It + adjective + to infinitive.
| Salah | : | We need sufficiency evidence in order to bring this case to court. |
| Benar | : | We need sufficient evidence in order to bring this case to court. |
‘sufficient’ adalah adjective, sedangkan sufficiency adalah noun.
| Salah | : | The shoes come in various forms ranged from size 6.5 to 13. |
| Benar | : | The shoes come in various forms ranging from size 6.5 to 13. |
Kalimat di atas menggunakan present participle phrase untuk menerangkan the various forms.
| Salah | : | It was not until 2005 that George Walter Bush becomes the president of America for the second time. |
| Benar | : | It was not until 2005 that George Walter Bush became the president of America for the second time. |
Kita menggunakan kata kerja lampau became dalam anak kalimat karena kejadian terjadi di masa lampau.
| Salah | : | Again never will our country experience a long economic recession. |
| Benar | : | Never again will our country experience a long economic recession. |
Kalimat yang mengandung kata yang berkonotasi negatif dapat dibalik susunannya verb + subject.
| Salah | : | A tiger must wait patient in order not to scare away its victims. |
| Benar | : | A tiger must wait patiently in order not to scare away its victims. |
| Salah | : | If disturbed, bees can sting a person severity. |
| Benar | : | If disturbed, bees can sting a person severely. |
‘adverb’ digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja. ‘patiently’ menerangkan wait dan severely menerangkan sting.
| Salah | : | By spraying it with water before it completely hardens cement can be done stronger. |
| Benar | : | By spraying it with water before it completely hardens cement can be made stronger. |
Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan kata kerja make dapat diikuti oleh adject sedangkan kata kerja do tidak.
| Salah | : | In oldest men, high-blood pressure is usually caused by obesity. |
| Benar | : | In older men, high-blood pressure is usually caused by obesity. |
‘older’ mempunyai arti berusia tua, sedangkan oldest mempunyai arti paling tua.
| Salah | : | Primary consideration must be giving to those living in poverty. |
| Benar | : | Primary consideration must be given to those living in poverty. |
Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan modal auxiliary verb mempunyai konstruksi modal auxiliary verb + be + the past participle (must be given).
| Salah | : | Almost none philosopher is as famous as he is. |
| Benar | : | Almost no philosopher is as famous as he is. |
‘no’ dapat menerangkan singular maupun plural countable noun, sedangkan none berdiri sendiri.
| Salah | : | Economical recession will happen after prosperity is reached. |
| Benar | : | Economic recession will happen after prosperity is reached. |
‘economical’ mempunyai arti ‘not wasteful in using money, time’, sedangkan ‘economic’ mempunyai arti ‘connected with trade, industry and wealth’.
| Salah | : | One foot is a measure of length equally to 12 inches. |
| Benar | : | One foot is a measure of length equal to 12 inches. |
‘equal’ adalah adjective dengan arti sama dengan, sedangkan equally adalah adverb. ‘equal to 12 inches’ menerangkan a measure of length.
| Salah | : | Few cats have longer and most hair than Persian cats. |
| Benar | : | Few cats have longer and more hair than Persian cats. |
Struktur paralel dari comparative adjective ‘longer’ adalah more, sedangkan most adalah superlative adjective.
| Salah | : | Indonesia comprises of thousands of islands. |
| Benar | : | Indonesia comprises thousands of islands. |
Kata kerja comprise dengan arti “terdiri dari” tidak menggunakan preposisi.
| Salah | : | Computers can be used as a tool of communication. |
| Benar | : | Computers can be used as tools of communication. |
‘computers’ adalah jamak sehingga harus paralel dengan tools.
| Salah | : | A great number of water is needed to grow this plant. |
| Benar | : | A great amount of water is needed to grow this plant. |
‘amount’ dengan arti sejumlah besar digunakan dengan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.
| Salah | : | It was named Rome and done the capital of Italy. |
| Benar | : | It was named Rome and made the capital of Italy. |
‘done’ mempunyai arti “dibuat”, sedangkan ‘made’ mempunyai arti “dijadikan”
| Salah | : | Indonesia has a more diverse animal and plant life than any other places in the world. |
| Benar | : | Indonesia has a more diverse animal and plant life than any other place in the world. |
‘any other’ diikuti oleh singular countable noun.
| Salah | : | First elected in 1966, Soeharto serviced as President of Indonesia until 1998. |
| Benar | : | First elected in 1966, Soeharto served as President of Indonesia until 1998. |
‘serve’ adalah kata kerja dengan arti do a duty, sedangkan ‘service’ adalah
melayani. Hanya kata kerja serve yang diikuti oleh ‘as’.
| Salah | : | The medicine used to cure infectious diseases are responsible for some side effects. |
| Benar | : | The medicine used to cure infectious diseases is responsible for some side effects. |
‘medicine’ adalah kata benda tunggal sehingga memerlukan kata kerja tunggal.
| Salah | : | Importing goods are now available at bargain prices. |
| Benar | : | Imported goods are now available at bargain prices. |
‘imported’ adalah verb + ed yang mengandung arti pasif. ‘imported goods’ adalah barang yang diimpor, sedangkan importing mengandung arti aktif yang hanya dapat menerangkan seseorang/suatu badan usaha yang melakukan impor.
| Salah | : | A baby cow called a calf. |
| Benar | : | A baby cow is called a calf. |
Kalimat pasif mempunyai konstruksi be + the past participle (is called).
| Salah | : | Characterized by excessive sugar in the blood and urine, diabetes can be treated by regular injection of insulin. |
| Benar | : | Characterized by excessive sugar in the blood and urine, diabetes can be treated by regular injections of insulin. |
Setelah preposisi gunakan plural countable noun atau uncountable noun.
| Salah | : | The amount of money is increased at 10 times a year. |
| Benar | : | The amount of money is increased by 10 times a year. |
‘be increased by 10 times a year’ mempunyai arti naik 10 kali lipat per tahun.
Gunakan preposisi by + number + times untuk pernyataan kelipatan.
| Salah | : | Of all movies, those Robert De Niro, are filled with the greatest zest of life. |
| Benar | : | Of all movies, those of Robert De Niro, are filled with the greatest zest of life. |
Kita dapat mengatakan ‘those of Robert De Niro’ dengan maksud those movies of Robert De Niro.
| Salah | : | Yellow, red and blue are recognized the only primary colors. |
| Benar | : | Yellow, red and blue are recognized as the only primary colors. |
‘be recognized’ diikuti oleh preposisi as dengan arti dikenal sebagai.
| Salah | : | We will help you going through the program. |
| Benar | : | We will help you (to) go through the program. |
Kata kerja help someone dapat diikuti oleh to + infinitive atau
infinitive + to.
| Salah | : | They don’t have the sense of which direction are they moving in. |
| Benar | : | They don’t have the sense of which direction they are moving in. |
Susunan anak kalimat adalah subject + verb (…they are moving in) bukan verb +
subject (…are they moving in).
| Salah | : | Many plants which their habitats are being drastically reduced are threatened with extinction. |
| Benar | : | Many plants whose habitats are being drastically reduced are threatened with extinction. |
‘relative pronoun’ ‘whose’ menggantikan possessive adjective (his, her, our, their,
your, its).
| Salah | : Considerate amount of time and money has been spent on this project. | |
| Benar | : Considerable amount of time and money has been spent on this project. |
‘considerate’ (adjective) mempunyai arti thoughtful (penuh perhatian), sedangkan considerable mempunyai arti besar (jumlah, ukuran, dll).
| Salah | : | The room is 50 squared miles. |
| Benar | : | The room is 50 square miles. |
‘square’ (adjective) digunakan sesudah sebuah angka untuk menyatakan ukuran sebuah area. Kita mengatakan 40 square inches (40 inch persegi), 30 square meters (30 meter persegi).
| Salah | : | Sally is definitely more prettier than her sister. |
| Benar | : | Sally is definitely prettier than her sister. |
‘comparative adjective’ dari pretty adalah prettier.
| Salah | : Avoiding too much direct sunshine can substantially reduces the risk of getting skin cancer. |
|
| Benar | : Avoiding too much direct sunshine can substantially reduce the risk of getting skin cancer. |
‘modal auxiliary’ seperti can diikuti langsung oleh infinitive. Jika ada adverb yang
menerangkan verb, maka adverb tersebut dapat ditempatkan di depan infinitive dan
setelah modal auxiliary verb (can substantially reduce).
| Salah | : | Mistaken me as his brother, he waved at/to me. |
| Benar | : | Mistaking me as his brother, he waved at/to me. |
‘mistake’ sebagai verb, sedangkan ‘mistaken’ adalah adjective. Dalam kalimat di atas
kita harus menggunakan the participle phrase.
| Salah | : | It is estimating that by the year 2050, India will have the biggest population in the world. |
| Benar | : | It is estimated that by the year 2050, India will have the biggest population in the world. |
‘it’ dapat memulai kalimat pasif dan diikuti oleh that clause. Kata-kata lain yang dapat digunakan seperti estimate adalah believe, say.
| Salah | : | The invention of cellular phones has enabled us communicate with one another easily. |
| Benar | : | The invention of cellular phones has enabled us to communicate with one another easily. |
‘enable’ (verb) mempunyai arti make someone able to do something (memungkinkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu). ‘enable’ mempunyai konstruksi enable + someone + to + infinitive.
| Salah | : | The three majority crops of Indonesia are tobacco, chocolate and coffee. |
| Benar | : | The three major crops of Indonesia are tobacco, chocolate and coffee |
‘major’ (adjective) mempunyai arti important (penting), sedangkan majority (noun)
mempunyai arti the great number or part (mayoritas). Kata yang cocok dalam kalimat di atas adalah major.
| Salah | : | The writer’s TOEFL score is estimated to about 620. |
| Benar | : | The writer’s TOEL score is estimated at about 620. |
‘at’ ditempatkan di depan angka untuk menunjukkan (rate, speed, price).
| Salah | : | This resort villa is really a good site to rest. |
| Benar | : | This resort villa is really a good place to rest. |
‘place’ (noun) mempunyai arti a particular area (tempat khusus) seperti a good place for a picnic, sedangkan ‘site’ (noun) mempunyai arti a place where a town, building is/was/will be situated dan a place used for something or where something has happened seperti an archaelogical site, a nuclear-testing site, the site of the battle.
| Salah | : | When the systems are pronounced already, the pilot starts to take off. |
| Benar | : | When the systems are pronounced ready, the pilot starts to take off. |
‘ready’ (adjective) mempunyai arti completed and available for use (siap), sedangkan already (adverb) mempunyai arti before now or before a particular time in the past.
| Salah | : | This tool was original used by ancient people. |
| Benar | : | This tool was originally used by ancient people. |
‘originally’ adalah adverb yang menerangkan kata kerja used, sedangkan original adalah adjective yang mempunyai arti asli.
| Salah | : | The spaceship flew so fastly that it was soon out of sight. |
| Benar | : | The spaceship flew so fast that it was soon out of sight. |
‘fast’ dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective dan adverb dan tidak ada kata fastly.
| Salah | : | Before embarking a new sery of exercises, an athlete should consult a physician. |
| Benar | : | Before embarking a new series of exercises, an athlete should consult a physician. |
‘series’ tidak mengalami perubahan baik sebagai kata benda tunggal atau jamak.
| Salah | : | Dependable on the weather, the game will go on if the rain stops. |
| Benar | : | Depending on the weather, the game will go on if the rain stops. |
‘depending on’ mempunyai arti be decided or vary according to the stated state(tergantung pada), sedangkan dependable adalah adjective dengan arti that can be relied on (dapat diandalkan) seperti dalam frasa a dependable friend.
| Salah | : | Within the Second World War, Nagasaki and Hiroshima were destroyed by atom(ic) bombs. |
| Benar | : | During the Second World War, Nagasaki and Hiroshima were destroyed by atom(ic) bombs. |
‘during’ mempunyai arti selama dan diikuti oleh kata benda yang menunjukkan sejumlah waktu.
| Salah | : | In an Indonesian-style typical dance, the dancers wear a lot of accessories. |
| Benar | : | In a typical Indonesian-style dance, the dancers wear a lot of accessories. |
Urutan adjective yang berakhiran -al dan hypnated adjective adalah: adjective yang berakhiran dengan -al + ‘hyphenated adjective’ + noun.
| Salah | : | It is undisputable that America is one of the leader countries in the world. |
| Benar | : | It is undisputable that America is one of the leading countries in the world. |
‘one of the leading countries’ mempunyai arti satu dari negara yang memimpin.
| Salah | : | After a long journey, they found refugee on an island. |
| Benar | : | After a long journey, they found refuge on an island. |
‘refuge’ mempunyai arti tempat perlindungan atau tempat pengungsian, sedangkan refugee adalah pengungsi atau orang yang memerlukan perlindungan.
| Salah | : | In mall, you can buy branded products. |
| Benar | : | In the mall, you can buy branded products. |
‘article’ the digunakan dengan kata benda yang menunjukkan tempat-tempat yang sudah dikenal baik seperti the mall, the hospital, the cinema, the park, the market.
| Salah | : | The sense of taste is close connected to that of taste. |
| Benar | : | The sense of taste is closely connected to that of taste. |
‘connect’ adalah verb sehingga kita menggunakan adverb ‘closely’ untuk menerangkannya.
| Salah | : | The police ordered that the terrorists were caught immediately. |
| Benar | : | The police ordered that the terrorists be caught immediately. |
Kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan perintah, tingkat kepentingan seperti order memerlukan subjuntive verb atau infinitive dalam anak kalimat. Dalam kalimat di atas subjunctive verb atau infinitive adalah be.
| Salah | : | The practicing of slavery has long been abolished. |
| Benar | : | The practice of slavery has long been abolished. |
‘practice’ mempunyai arti a thing done regularly/a habit or custom.
| Salah | : | It is cool at night and hot during day. |
| Benar | : | It is cool at night and hot during the day. |
‘during’ diikuti oleh periode waktu. Gunakan article the dalam ekspresi during the day.
| Salah | : | In life, besides cars, we need all another forms of transportation. |
| Benar | : | In life, besides cars, we need all other forms of transportation. |
‘all other’ diikuti oleh plural noun. Tidak ada ekspresi all another.
| Salah | : | There was time when people did not worry about walking on the streets. |
| Benar | : | There was a time when people did not worry about walking on the streets. |
Kita dapat mengatakan ‘There was a time’ dengan arti there was a period of time.
| Salah | : | With DNA testing, one can settle disputed paternity cases. |
| Benar | : | By DNA testing, one can settle disputed paternity cases. |
‘by + verb + ing’ adalah adverbial of means, yaitu kata keterangan yang menyatakan dengan alat apa sesuatu itu dilakukan.
| Salah | : | Life in the earlier time was hard and dirty. |
| Benar | : | Life in early time was hard and dirty. |
‘early’ (adjective) mempunyai arti happening or done near some other period of time seperti in the early days of space exploration.
| Salah | : | A betrayal of trust can end a friendship more quick than any other incident. |
| Benar | : | A betrayal of trust can end a friendship more quickly than any other incident. |
Gunakan more dengan comparative adverb yang berakhiran -ly. Dalam hal ini, gunakan more quickly.
| Salah | : | The student with the highest grade is expected to make a speech in graduation. |
| Benar | : | The student with the highest grade is expected to make a speech at graduation. |
Preposisi at dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu acara perayaan.
| Salah | : | That causes people to fall in love has remained a question unanswered. |
| Benar | : | What causes people to fall in love has remained a question unanswered. |
‘what’ sebagai subject dari verb mempunyai konstruksi what + verb, sedangkan konstruksi that-clause yang benar adalah that + subject + verb.
| Salah | : | Hardly never do tigers become domesticated. |
| Benar | : | Hardly ever do tigers become domesti |
‘hardly ever’ artinya hampir tidak pernah (almost never), sedangkan tidak ada istilah
hardly never.
| Salah | : | Nevermore to lending some money to you, I am sorry. |
| Benar | : | Nevermore to lend some money to you, I am sorry. |
‘nevermore’ diikuti oleh to + infinitive (to lend) dengan arti tidak akan lagi meminjamkan.
| Salah | : | When left the room, you must switch off the lights. |
| Benar | : | When leaving the room, you must switch off the lights. |
‘when + verb + ing’ digunakan jika subyek dari main verb adalah subjek aktif dan sama dengan subjek dari verb + ing.
| Salah | : | When cooking, the meat will become soft a few seconds. |
| Benar | : | When cooked, the meat will become soft in a few seconds. |
‘when’ + the past participle digunakan jika subjek dari main verb adalah subjek pasif dari the past participle.
| Salah | : | The time in that they were kidnapped is unforgettable. |
| Benar | : | The time during which they were kidnapped is unforgettable. |
‘during’ dapat ditempatkan di depan which dan setelah kata benda yang menunju waktu.
| Salah | : | That’s main problem we are facing. |
| Benar | : | That’s the main problem we are facing. |
‘the’ digunakan dengan adjective yang menunjukkan derajat seperti: the main problem, the principle topic.
| Salah | : | The heat should be among 37 and 38 degrees Celsius. |
| Benar | : | The heat should be between 37 and 38 degrees Celsius. |
‘between’ (preposisi) mempunyai arti antara dua rentang titik.
| Salah | : | We would like to employ those who are intelligent, observant and considerable. |
| Benar | : | We would like to employ those who are intelligent, observant and considerate. |
‘considerate’ mempunyai arti penuh perhatian, sedangkan considerable mempunyai arti “besar” (jumlah, ukuran).
| Salah | : | The building was built at 1999 and can hold more than 10,000 people. |
| Benar | : | The building was built in 1999 and can hold more than 10,000 people. |
Kita menggunakan preposisi ‘in’ dengan tahun dan bulan.
| Salah | : | When music can make some plants move has been known to us. |
| Benar | : | That music can make some plants move has been known to us. |
‘that clause’ berfungsi sebagai noun clause yang dapat menggantikan something.
| Salah | : | None other books have explained the solution as clearly as this one. |
| Benar | : | No other books have explained the solution as clearly as this one. |
‘no other’ + books (plural noun) dengan arti tidak ada buku-buku lain. ‘no’ adalah
adjective, sedangkan none adalah indefinite pronoun dan digunakan untuk menunjuk kata benda jamak atau kata ganti jamak [None (of them) has/have done it].
| Salah | : | Aeroplanes are capable to flying at an altitude of 3000 feet above sea level. |
| Benar | : | Aeroplanes are capable of flying at an altitude of 3000 feet above sea level. |
‘capable’ adalah adjective dengan arti mampu dan diikuti oleh preposisi of + verb + ing.
| Salah | : | It was not unless a few months later that I was told about it. |
| Benar | : | It was not until a few months later that I was told about it. |
‘it’ dalam kalimat di atas berfungsi untuk memulai sebuah kalimat. Kalimat di atas diterjemahkan menjadi: Baru beberapa bulan kemudian saya diberitahu mengenai hal itu.
Salah : It was not unless a few months later that I was told about it.
Benar : It was not until a few months later that I was told about it.
‘it’ dalam kalimat di atas berfungsi untuk memulai sebuah kalimat. Kalimat di atas
diterjemahkan menjadi: Baru beberapa bulan kemudian saya diberitahu mengenai
hal itu.
| Salah | : | Of all the problem in the city, traffic congestion has remained a problem unsolved. |
| Benar | : | Of all the problems in the city, traffic congestion has remained a problem unsolved. |
Setelah of all (dari seluruh) kita harus menggunakan plural countable noun atau uncountable noun. Kita tidak dapat menggunakan singular countable noun.
| Salah | : | Every new employee receives his or her salary on the base of lobbying efforts made during the interview. |
| Benar | : | Every new employee receives his or her salary on the basis of lobbying efforts made during the interview. |
‘basis’ mempunyai arti dasar dari; fondasi dari atau karena. Tidak ada istilah on the base of. Kita harus mengatakan on the basis of something (atas dasar sesuatu). ‘base’ mempunyai arti bagian yang rendah dari sesuatu.
Salah : Every new employee receives his or her salary on the base of lobbying
efforts made during the interview.
Salah : Every new employee receives his or her salary on the basis of lobbying
efforts made during the interview.
‘basis’ mempunyai arti dasar dari; fondasi dari atau karena. Tidak ada istilah on
the base of. Kita harus mengatakan on the basis of something (atas dasar sesuatu).
‘base’ mempunyai arti bagian yang rendah dari sesuatu.
| Salah | : | From time to time, a new species of plants are discovered. |
| Benar | : | From time to time, new species of plants are discovered. |
‘species’ mempunyai bentuk singular dan plural noun yang sama. Kita dapat mengatakan ‘a new species’ atau ‘many new species’.
| Salah | : | No man have ever been to Mars. |
| Benar | : | No men have ever been to Mars. |
| Benar | : | No man has ever been to Mars. |
‘no’ dapat menggunakan baik singular dan plural countable noun maupun uncountable noun. Jika menggunakan plural countable noun, kita harus menggunakan kata kerja jamak.
| Salah | : | The bow and arrow are the weapon of people of the old days. |
| Benar | : | The bow and arrow is the weapon of people of the old days. |
‘the bow and arrow’ dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan sehingga menggunakan kata kerja tunggal. Perhatikan bahwa kita tidak mengatakan the bow and the arrow tetapi hanya menggunakan satu article ‘the’ saja. Demikian juga dengan the knife and fork, the cup and saucer.
| Salah | : | Many of the land is owned by the farmers. |
| Benar | : | Much of the land is owned by the farmers. |
‘land’ adalah uncountable noun sehingga kita menggunakan expression of quantity ‘much’.
| Salah | : | This guitar is very good and is particularly well suitable for classical music. |
| Benar | : | This guitar is very good and is particularly well suited for classical music. |
‘suited’ (adjective) for/to somebody/something mempunyai arti suitable or appropriate for dan biasanya digunakan dengan adverb ‘well’.
| Salah | : | His condition has been improved since this morning. |
| Benar | : | His condition has been improving since this morning. |
‘the present perfect continuous tense’ mempunyai konstruksi subject + has/have + been + verb + ing. Kalimat yang salah di atas adalah the present perfect tense dalam bentuk pasif.
| Salah | : | He has run for governing of California for two times. |
| Benar | : | He has run for governor of California for two times. |
‘governor’ (noun) mempunyai arti gubernur, sedangkan ‘governing’ adalah (govern+ing) dengan arti ruling (a country) or directing the public affairs of a country or a city.
| Salah | : | In an effort to suppressing the pro-democracy demonstrators, the troops used violence. |
| Benar | : | In an effort to suppress the pro-democracy demonstrators, the troops used violence. |
‘in an effort to’ diikuti oleh infinitive dan mempunyai arti dalam usaha untuk.
| Salah | : | The Bali Island is very popular and visited by many tourists. |
| Benar | : | Bali Island is very popular and visited by many tourists. |
Nama satu pulau tidak menggunakan article.
| Salah | : | Objective, intelligence and patience are the three characteristics needed by a good teacher. |
| Benar | : | Objectivity, intelligence and patience are the three characteristics needed by a good teacher. |
‘objectivity’ adalah noun dengan arti the quality of not being influenced by personal feelings (objektivitas), sedangkan objective adalah adjective dengan arti not influenced by personal feelings.
| Salah | : | The old model has an unfortunate tendency to collapsed after a few month’s use. |
| Benar | : | The old model has an unfortunate tendency to collapse after a few month’s use. |
Kata kerja setelah to (yang bukan preposisi) harus dalam bentuk infinitive.
| Salah | : | That almost people speak ungrammatically is a fact that teachers of English must deal with. |
| Benar | : | That most people speak ungrammatically is a fact that teachers of English must deal with. |
| Benar | : | That almost all people speak ungrammatically is a fact that teachers of English must deal with. |
‘most’ (determiner) mempunyai arti kebanyakan/sebagian besar, sedangkan almost (adverb) mempunyai arti hampir. Kita juga dapat menggunakan almost all yang artinya adalah hampir semua.
| Salah | : | Can seldom we find someone who can speak English without any mistakes. |
| Benar | : | Seldom can we find someone who can speak English without any mistakes. |
Kata seldom dapat digunakan dengan urutan verb + subject walaupun bukan kalimat tanya.
| Salah | : | The bite of the snake is often so dead that death can be unavoidable. |
| Benar | : | The bite of the snake is often so deadly that death can be unavoidable. |
‘deadly’ adalah kata sifat dengan arti “mematikan”.
| Salah | : | He was lying on the floor and showed no signs of lives. |
| Benar | : | He was lying on the floor and showed no signs of life. |
‘life’ adalah uncountable noun dengan zero article yang dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan kehidupan secara umum. Kita biasanya menggunakan ungkapan no signs of life.
| Salah | : | The deep of the ocean remained unknown for centuries. |
| Benar | : | The depth of the ocean remained unknown for centuries. |
‘depth’ adalah noun dengan arti kedalaman, sedangkan deep adalah adjective dengan arti dalam.
| Salah | : | According to mythology, the giant was killed by a hero named Hercules. |
| Benar | : | According to myth, the giant was killed by a hero named Hercules. |
‘myth’ adalah noun dengan arti an ancient story containing religious or magical ideas, sedangkan mythology adalah a system of beliefs contained in myths.
| Salah | : | Which causes some people to get divorced continues to be one of the articles in women’s magazines. |
| Benar | : | What causes some people to get divorced continues to be one of the articles in women’s magazines. |
‘what causes some people to get divorced’ adalah wh-clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun clause dan dapat menggantikan ‘something’ atau kata benda dan dapat pula ditempatkan sebagai subjek dari kalimat.
| Salah | : | Students are usually depressed during the exam periods because they have to study very hardly. |
| Benar | : | Students are usually depressed during the exam periods because they have to study very hard. |
‘hard’ adalah adverb dengan arti keras, sedangkan hardly adalah adverb dengan arti hampir tidak.
| Salah | : | Human beings can survive longer without food than without the water. |
| Benar | : | Human beings can survive longer without food than without water. |
‘water’ (uncountable noun) yang dimaksud dalam kalimat di atas adalah sesuatu yang umum sehingga tidak memerlukan article (zero article).
| Salah | : | The family was well-known for the last few centuries. |
| Benar | : | The family has been well-known for the last few centuries. |
‘the present perfect tense’ digunakan dengan kalimat yang menggunakan indikator keterangan waktu for + the last few + a period of time.
| Salah | : | The police were forced to find those ancient stolen watches. |
| Benar | : | The police were forced to find those stolen ancient watches. |
‘pure adjetive’ ditempatkan paling dekat dengan headword/noun yang diterangkan.‘the past participle’ ‘stolen’ menerangkan ‘ancient watches’.
| Salah | : | Investigations which are done good will definitely give good results. |
| Benar | : | Investigations which are done well will definitely give good results. |
‘good’ adalah adjective, sedangkan ‘well’ adalah ‘adverb’. Kalimat di atas memerlukan adverb karena well menerangkan kata kerja ‘done’.
| Salah | : | The human eye is a delicacy instrument that must be protected from injury. |
| Benar | : | The human eye is a delicate instrument that must be protected from injury. |
‘delicate’ adalah adjective dan mempunyai arti able to detect or show very small changes or differences atau sensitive, sedangkan delicacy adalah noun.
| Salah | : | Cats are more difficult and less stabler to train than dogs. |
| Benar | : | Cats are more difficult and less stable to train than dogs. |
‘less...than’ dengan arti kurang digunakan dengan adjective atau adverb. Jangan gunakan comparative adjective stabler.
| Salah | : | Despite a fact that he is upset easily, he has good leadership. |
| Benar | : | Despite the fact that he is upset easily, he has good leadership. |
‘despite the fact that…’ mempunyai arti walaupun (kenyataannya)... Tidak ada despite a fact.
| Salah | : | Despite a fact that he is upset easily, he has good leadership. |
| Benar | : | Despite the fact that he is upset easily, he has good leadership. |
‘despite the fact that…’ mempunyai arti walaupun (kenyataannya)... Tidak ada despite a fact.
| Salah | : | It was his who introduced them to each other. |
| Benar | : | It was he who introduced them to each other. |
‘it’ dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasikan seseorang yang melakukan sesuatu.
| Salah | Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. |
|
| Benar | : Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into food using energy from sunlight. |
‘by which’ mempunyai arti dengan cara, bagaimana sesuatu terjadi/dilakukan.
| Salah | : | As much as two hundred people took the test but only a few passed. |
| Benar | : | As many as two hundred people took the test but only a few passed. |
‘as many as’ harus diikuti oleh kata benda jamak.
| Salah | : | Homicide is a crime whose punishment is in prison. |
| Benar | : | Homicide is a crime whose punishment is imprisonment. |
‘imprisonment’ adalah kata benda dengan arti hukuman penjara, sedangkan in prison adalah di penjara atau dalam penjara.
| Salah | : | A gentle massage will provide relieve from the pain. |
| Benar | : | A gentle massage will provide relief from the pain. |
‘relief’ adalah kata benda dengan arti perasaan lega (kelegaaan), sedangkan relieve adalah kata kerja dengan arti melegakan.
| Salah | : | Mosquitoes are very short-lived that their entire life cycle encompasses only a few days. |
| Benar | : | Mosquitoes are so short-lived that their entire life cycle encompasses only a few days. |
Pasangan that adalah ‘so’. ‘so’ diikuti oleh kata sifat atau kata keterangan + that.
Kalimat di atas mempunyai arti: “Nyamuk adalah binatang yang hidupnya begitu pendek sehingga daur hidupnya hanya beberapa hari”.
| Salah | : | Ancient people believed that earth was flat, and it persisted well into the sixteenth century. |
| Benar | : | Ancient people believed that the earth was flat, and it persisted well into the sixteenth century. |
‘article’ the digunakan dengan kata benda yang merupakan satu-satunya di dunia. ‘earth’ adalah satu-satunya di dunia ini.
| Salah | : | Ancient people believed that earth was flat, and it persisted well into the sixteenth century. |
| Benar | : | Ancient people believed that the earth was flat, and it persisted well into the sixteenth century. |
‘article’ the digunakan dengan kata benda yang merupakan satu-satunya di dunia. ‘earth’ adalah satu-satunya di dunia ini.
| Salah | : | There was a tall building on the front of our office. |
| Benar | : | There was a tall building at the front of our office. |
Kita menggunakan preposisi at dalam frasa ‘at the front of’ dengan arti “di depan (dari)”.
| Salah | : | The tropical plants grows well in ordinarily, deep soil. |
| Benar | : | The tropical plants grows well in ordinary, deep soil. |
‘ordinary’ adalah adjective yang menerangkan soil, sedangkan ordinarily adalah adverb.
| Salah | : | In spite of great difficult, the tower was finally completed. |
| Benar | : | In spite of great difficulties, the tower was finally completed. |
Setelah preposisi of, gunakan plural countable noun atau uncountable noun.
| Salah | : | Children like nothing more than go to a circus. |
| Benar | : | Children like nothing more than going to a circus. |
Setelah frasa more than kita menggunakan verb + ing.
| Salah | : | Fungi is one celled organisms that can grow on our skin. |
| Benar | : | Fungi are one celled organisms that can grow on our skin. |
‘fungi’ adalah bentuk jamak dari fungus sehingga membutuhkan plural verb.
| Salah | : | Before installing new software, you need reading the instruction first. |
| Benar | : | Before installing new software, you need to read the instruction first. |
‘need’ yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja utama diikuti oleh to + infinitive.
| Salah | : | Located just western of Jakarta, Tangerang has grown to be a crowded city. |
| Benar | : | Located just west of Jakarta, Tangerang has grown to be a crowded city. |
Kita mengatakan west of Jakarta dengan arti sebelah barat dari Jakarta, sedangkan western Jakarta mempunyai arti Jakarta bagian barat. ‘western of Jakarta’ tidak ada karena western adalah kata sifat. Kita memerlukan kata benda dalam konstruksi frasa yang menggunakan of phrase.
Salah : Located just western of Jakarta, Tangerang has grown to be a crowded
city.
Benar : Located just west of Jakarta, Tangerang has grown to be a crowded city.
Kita mengatakan west of Jakarta dengan arti sebelah barat dari Jakarta, sedangkan
western Jakarta mempunyai arti Jakarta bagian barat. ‘western of Jakarta’ tidak
ada karena western adalah kata sifat. Kita memerlukan kata benda dalam konstruksi
frasa yang menggunakan of phrase.
| Salah | : | The company had shown signs of bankruptcy by beginning of 1997. |
| Benar | : | The company had shown signs of bankruptcy by the beginning of 1997. |
Kata beginning menggunakan article the karena diterangkan oleh of phrase, yaitu frasa yang dimulai dengan ‘of’.
| Salah | : | One of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the great wall, which was located in China. |
| Benar | : | One of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the great wall, was located in China. |
Kalimat di atas tidak memiliki kata kerja utama sehingga was (kata kerja bantu)
digunakan sebagai kata kerja utama. ‘which’ tidak digunakan karena ‘which’ membentuk anak kalimat.
| Salah | : | So many kinds of computer software available, work in the office can be done much easily. |
| Benar | : | With so many kinds of computer software available, work in the office can be done much easily. |
‘with + noun’ adalah adverbial of means.
| Salah | : | All big hotels have sports facility available. |
| Benar | : | All big hotels have sports facilities available. |
‘facilities’ dalam bentuk jamak mempunyai arti pieces of equipment, a building, a service etc. provided for a particular purpose.
| Salah | : | There are above eight thousand of species of birds on Earth. |
| Benar | : | There are over eight thousand of species of birds on Earth. |
Preposisi ‘over’ mempunyai arti ‘more than’ (lebih dari) digunakan dengan sesuatu yang dapat diukur.
| Salah | : | Many people were killed for beings witches. |
| Benar | : | Many people were killed for being witches. |
Kata kerja bantu be + ing tidak pernah ditambahkan dengan s.
| Salah | : | Oil was formed that animals and plants decomposed. |
| Benar | : | Oil was formed when animals and plants decomposed. |
‘when’ mempunyai arti ketika atau saat.
| Salah | : | As of July, foreign tourist arrivals reached 2.56 million, a promising 31.2 percent increase from the same period last year, which 2 million overseas tourists visited the country. |
| Benar | : | As of July, foreign tourist arrivals reached 2.56 million, a promising 31.2 percent increase from the same period last year, during which 2 million overseas tourists visited the country. |
‘the same period last year’ adalah sejumlah waktu sehingga memerlukan preposisi during + which, yang mempunyai arti selama waktu tersebut.
| Salah | : | The subsistence programs include programs such as the provision of a revolving fund and skill training for running a poultry farm. |
| Benar | : | The subsistence programs include programs such as the provision of a revolving fund and skills training for running a poultry farm. |
Ada kata benda yang berakhiran ‘s’ atau jamak yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda lainnya seperti: Teachers College, Executives Club, Nurses Hostel, general affairs manager, Communications Ministry, drugs test, operations manager, sales promotion, a human rights group.
| Salah | : | Businesses always lobby the goverment against changes in the hourly average wage. |
| Benar | : | Businesses always lobby the goverment againts changes in the average hourly wage. |
‘average (rata-rata)’ menerangkan hourly wage.
| Salah | : | Out of the experience of failure come may the beginning of success. |
| Benar | : | Out of the experience of failure may come the beginning of success. |
Setelah kalimat yang dimulai dengan adverbial of place, kita dapat menempatkan verb di depan subjek (inversi).
| Salah | : | The circle has diameter of 10 meters. |
| Benar | : | The circle has a diameter of 10 meters. |
Kita selalu mengatakan a diameter of, a dozen of, a length of, a distance of.
| Salah | : | It takes years of study and practical to master a language completely. |
| Benar | : | It takes years of study and practice to master a language completely. |
Setelah preposisi kita selalu menggunakan kata benda. ‘practice’ adalah kata benda, sedangkan practical adalah kata sifat.
| Salah | : | The entrance test will show the student knowledge and ability. |
| Benar | : | The entrance test will show the student’s knowledge and ability. |
Untuk menyatakan sesuatu sebagai kepunyaan seseorang, kita menggunakan apostrophe s (’s) di belakang kata benda (terutama benda hidup) yang memiliki sesuatu.
| Salah | : | Everybody will have to take the test, and also Jane. |
| Benar | : | Everybody will have to take the test, and so will Jane. |
‘and so’ berkonotasi positif dengan arti juga dan ditempatkan di depan kata kerja bantu + subjek kalimat.
| Salah | : | The octopus with tentacles as length of 20 meters has never been found before. |
| Benar | : | The octopus with tentacles as long as 20 meters has never been found before. |
Kita menggunakan konstruksi: as + adjective + as karena ‘long’ (adjective) menerangkan ‘tentacles’ (noun).
| Salah | : | The weather in tropical countries does not remain same all year long. |
| Benar | : | The weather in tropical countries does not remain the same all year long. |
Kita selalu mengatakan the same setelah kata kerja remain, bukan same.
| Salah | : | That is now a condominium was once a rice field. |
| Benar | : | What is now a condominium was once a rice field. |
‘what’ sebagai subjek dalam noun clause mempunyai konstruksi what + verb, sedangkan that-clause sebagai noun clause mempunyai konstruksi that + subject + verb.
| Salah | : | Although he was once a medicine student, he did not receive an M.D. |
| Benar | : | Although he was once a medical student, he did not receive an M.D. |
‘mahasiswa kedokteran’ adalah medical student bukan medicine student.
| Salah | : | Two hundreds people were killed in the earthquake. |
| Benar | : | Two hundred people were killed in the earthquake. |
Kita tidak menggunakan bentuk jamak dari hundred jika hundred adalah kata sifat.
| Salah | : | Some animals reproduce by lying eggs. |
| Benar | : | Some animals reproduce by laying eggs. |
‘bertelur’ dalam bahasa Inggris adalah lay eggs.
| Salah | : | Few four million Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. |
| Benar | : | Some four million Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. |
‘some’ menyatakan sejumlah dan dapat digunakan dengan angka + noun.
| Salah | : | Chinese silk said to be some of the finest silk in the world. |
| Benar | : | Chinese silk is said to be some of the finest silk in the world. |
Kita dapat mengatakan ‘something is said to be’ dengan arti sesuatu dikatakan. Bentuk pasif yang demikian dimulai dengan it atau kata benda.
| Salah | : | When been cornered, every person will fight back. |
| Benar | : | When cornered, every person will fight back. |
‘when + the past participle’ digunakan jika subjek dari main clause sama dengan subjek dari the past participle.
| Salah | : | The first people to smoke the leaves of tobacco plant were native people living in the West Indies. |
| Benar | : | The first people to smoke the leaves of the tobacco plant were native people living in the West Indies. |
‘article’ the dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang umum dan biasanya digunakan setelah preposisi of dengan singular countable noun.
| Salah | : | He earns approximate 30,000 dollars a year. |
| Benar | : | He earns approximately 30,000 dollars a year. |
‘approximately’ (adverb) dengan arti correctly and accurately diikuti oleh angka + noun.
| Salah | : | If a particle of sand, no matter small, manages to get into the eye, severe irritation can result. |
| Benar | : | If a particle of sand, however small, manages to get into the eye, severe irritation can result. |
| Benar | : | If a particle of sand, no matter how small, manages to get into the eye, severe irritation can result. |
‘however small’ mempunyai arti seberapa kecil pun. ‘however’ diikuti oleh‘adjective’, sedangkan no matter diikuti oleh how + adjective. Kalimat yang salah di atas dapat juga menggunakan no matter how small.
| Salah | : | The spare parts of the car are comparative inexpensive. |
| Benar | : | The spare parts of the car are comparatively inexpensive. |
‘comparatively’ adalah adverb dan menerangkan kata sifat, sedangkan comparative adalah kata sifat dan digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda.
| Salah | : | He has been trained for strength none for endurance. |
| Benar | : | He has been trained for strength not for endurance. |
Kita selalu mengatakan not for tidak none for.
| Salah | : | Japan is the one of the richest countries in Asia. |
| Benar | : | Japan is one of the richest countries in Asia. |
‘one of’ digunakan dengan plural countable noun.
| Salah | : That it is a historical truth that proverbs will exist forever. | |
| Benar | : It is a historical truth that proverbs will exist forever. |
Salah satu konstruksi kalimat bahasa Inggris adalah yang menggunakan It sebagai subjek kalimat yang diikuti oleh be + noun phrase + that…
| Salah | : | At time, he falls unconscious for about ten minutes. |
| Benar | : | At times he falls unconscious for about ten minutes. |
‘at times’ mempunyai arti “kadang-kadang” atau sometimes.
| Salah | : | His fault has made him not longer a friend to her. |
| Benar | : | His fault has made him no longer a friend to her. |
‘no longer’ mempunyai arti “tidak lagi” dan biasanya digunakan di tengah kalimat.
| Salah | : | He always almost wins. |
| Benar | : | He almost always wins. |
Konstruksi antara kedua kata di atas biasanya adalah almost always bukan always almost.
| Salah | : | The number of people attending the show has been declined since. |
| Benar | : | The number of people attending the show has been declining since. |
Bentuk aktif dari ‘the present perfect continuous tense’ mempunyai konstruksi subject + has/have + been + verb + ing.
| Salah | : | Fried food is much less healthier than broiled food. |
| Benar | : | Fried food is much less healthy than broiled food. |
Kita dapat mengatakan much less + adjective. ‘adjective’ yang digunakan harus dalam bentuk pertama tanpa perubahan.
| Salah | : | Soekarno, the first president of Indonesia, led his country to independent. |
| Benar | : | Soekarno, the first president of Indonesia, led his country to independence. |
‘lead something to’ diikuti oleh something (noun). ‘independence’ adalah noun (something) sedangkan independent adalah adjective.
| Salah | : | Looking somewhat alike a snake, the fish has a length of 3 meters. |
| Benar | : | Looking somewhat like a snake, the fish has a length of 3 meters. |
‘looking somewhat like’ adalah adjective phrase yang menerangkan the fish. Tidak ada istilah looking somewhat alike.
| Salah | : | It has estimated that humans use about twenty percent of their brains. |
| Benar | : | It has been estimated that humans use about twenty percent of their brains. |
‘it’ dapat memulai kalimat pasif dengan kata kerja tertentu. Salah satu di antaranya adalah estimate. The present perfect tense dalam bentuk pasif adalah has/have + been + past participle.
| Salah | : | He has been unconscious for above 24 hours. |
| Benar | : | He has been unconscious for over 24 hours. |
Kita menggunakan over dengan satu periode waktu atau sejumlah waktu.
| Salah | : | The police are still pursuing the murder of the ambassador. |
| Benar | : | The police are still pursuing the murderer of the ambassador. |
‘murder’ adalah pembunuhan, sedangkan murderer adalah pembunuh.
| Salah | : | When the river flows into the sea is called the estuary. |
| Benar | : | Where the river flows into the sea is called the estuary. |
‘relative pronoun’ yang menggantikan tempat adalah where.
| Salah | : | Any athlete who wins a golden medal will receive a house. |
| Benar | : | Any athlete who wins a gold medal will receive a house. |
‘a gold medal’ adalah medali emas, sedangkan a golden medal adalah medali keemasan.
| Salah | : | An adult is a person who has reached age of 21. |
| Benar | : | An adult is a person who has reached the age of 21. |
“mencapai usia 21” adalah reach the age of 21.
| Salah | : | It is more commoner for people in the city to use the subway. |
| Benar | It is more common for people in the city to use the subway. | |
| Benar | : | It is commoner for people in the city to use the subway. |
Kita dapat mengatakan commoner atau more common.
| Salah | : | Swimming in the sea is farther more dangerous than swimming in the river. |
| Benar | : | Swimming in the sea is far more dangerous than swimming in the river. |
‘far more + adjective’ atau far + comparative adjective dengan akhiran -er mempunyai arti jauh lebih.
| Salah | : | The moon is so lovely sight that most people has spent sometime to watch it carefully. |
| Benar | : | The moon is so lovely a sight that most people has spent sometime to watch it carefully. |
Kita dapat mengatakan so lovely a sight, so cute a girl, so hot a day.
| Salah | : | While doing a reservation for a flight, the customer should ask about the schedule. |
| Benar | : | While making a reservation for a flight, the customer should ask about the schedule. |
‘make’ digunakan dengan abstract noun seperti: an agreement, an attempt, a discovery, an offer, a promise, a profit, sedangkan do digunakan dengan kata benda yang berupa tugas seperti: the dishes, homework, a paper, research, work.
| Salah | : | Cutting costs and saving times are ways to efficiency. |
| Benar | : | Cutting costs and saving time are ways to efficiency. |
‘time’ di dalam kalimat di atas adalah uncountable noun.
| Salah | : | The ship was commanded by John Paul Jones, that once won a sea battle. |
| Benar | : | The ship was commanded by John Paul Jones, who once won a sea battle. |
‘clause’ yang tidak mendefinisikan sebuah benda tetapi hanya menambahkan informasi saja disebut dengan non-defining clause. Dalam kalimat di atas kita mengetahui nama orang tersebut. Jadi, clause yang digunakan disebut non-defining clause. Non-defining clause menggunakan relative pronoun ‘who’ bukan that.
| Salah | : | Plastic tools can effectively protect us on the electric shock. |
| Benar | : | Plastic tools can effectively protect us from the electric shock. |
‘protect’ menggunakan preposisi from. Kita mengatakan protect somebody/something from ‘something’.
| Salah | : | No everyone likes to go shopping. |
| Benar | : | Not everyone likes to go shopping. |
‘not’ adalah adverb, sedangkan no adalah adjective. Kita menggunakan not di depan everyone.
| Salah | : | The animals are classified as herbivorous or carnivorous depends on what they feed on. |
| Benar | : | Whether the animals are classified as herbivorous or carnivorous depends on what they feed on. |
‘whether clause’ dapat berfungsi sebagai noun phrase dan sebagai subjek kalimat.
| Salah | : | Biochemistry it is the study of the chemistry of living things. |
| Benar | : | Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. |
Susunan yang benar adalah subject + verb, bukan subject + pronoun + verb.
| Salah | : | Some alive bacteria produce toxins which cause death. |
| Benar | : | Some living bacteria produce toxins which cause death. |
‘living’ adalah kata sifat yang ditempatkan di depan kata benda. Posisi yang demikian disebut dengan atributif, sedangkan kata sifat alive ditempatkan setelah kata kerja bantu be atau linking verbs. Posisi yang demikian disebut predikatif.
| Salah | : | We have been waiting for a hour before he arrived. |
| Benar | : | We have been waiting for an hour before he arrived. |
‘article’ an digunakan di depan kata benda yang dimulai dengan bunyi hidup seperti an apple, an orange. Perhatikan bahwa walaupun kata hour dimulai dengan huruf ‘h’, tetapi pengucapannya menggunakan bunyi hidup (huruf ‘h’ tidak diucapkan), maka kita mengatakan an hour bukan a hour.
| Salah | : | Reading is the starting way for journey into being a writer. |
| Benar | : | Reading is the starting way for journeys into being a writer. |
Setelah preposisi kita harus menggunakan plural countable noun atau uncountable noun.
| Salah | : | This medicine serves as the building blocks of proteins. |
| Benar | : | This medicine serves as the building block of proteins. |
‘medicine’ adalah singular noun dan menggunakan singular verb dan harus paralel dengan the building block.
| Salah | : | More than three percents of the population are illiterate. |
| Benar | : | More than three percent of the population are illiterate. |
‘percent’ tidak menggunakan akhiran s walaupun ada angka di depannya. ‘percent’
dapat juga ditulis terpisah per cent.
| Salah | : | There exists more than thousands of islands in Indonesia. |
| Benar | : | There exist more than thousands of islands in Indonesia. |
‘thousands of islands’ adalah kata benda jamak. Jadi, kita menggunakan kata kerja jamak, yaitu exist.
| Salah | : | Mental imagery may prove helpfully in the treatment of cancer. |
| Benar | : | Mental imagery may prove helpful in the treatment of cancer. |
Kata kerja prove diikuti oleh kata sifat (adjective).
| Salah | : | He was said to swim across the river hundreds of times when he was seventeen. |
| Benar | : | He was said to have swum across the river hundreds of times when he was seventeen. |
‘was/were said to’ harus menggunakan have + the past participle karena
menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau (the past), sedangkan is/are
said to menggunakan infinitive saja karena menunjuk kejadian yang berupa fakta (the present).
| Salah | : | Thousand of vacationers visited Bandung, a city located east of Jakarta. |
| Benar | : | Thousands of vacationers visited Bandung, a city located east of Jakarta. |
Kata ‘thousand’ tanpa ‘number’ atau angka menggunakan akhiran ‘s’ menjadi thousands dengan arti ribuan, sedangkan thousand dengan angka di depannya tidak menggunakan akhiran ‘s’ seperti: two thousand vacationers.
| Salah | : | The budget cuts have effected the total national income. |
| Benar | : | The budget cuts have affected the total national income. |
‘affect’ (verb) mempunyai arti influence; mempengaruhi, sedangkan effect (noun) mempunyai arti a result (suatu hasil).
| Salah | : | No sooner does a computer program appear then another one is made to update it. |
| Benar | : | No sooner does a computer program appear than another one is made to update it. |
‘no sooner’ dikombinasikan dengan than bukan then dengan arti baru saja... ketika.
| Salah | : | The students are not able to teach theirselves English grammar. |
| Benar | : | The students are not able to teach themselves English grammar. |
‘reflexive pronoun’ adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan bahwa perbuatan dari subjek kalimat tersebut mempunyai pengaruh terhadap subjek kalimat itu sendiri.
| Salah | : | Samba what is known as a dance originating in Brazil. |
| Benar | : | Samba is known as a dance originating in Brazil. |
Ada konstruksi be known as yang berarti dikenal sebagai ...
| Salah | : | Cellular phones have been widely used as a mean of communication. |
| Benar | : | Cellular phones have been widely used as a means of communication. |
‘means’ mempunyai bentuk tunggal dan jamak yang sama, yaitu means.
| Salah | : | In “Who am I”, when he woke up, Jacky Chan didn’t know who was he. |
| Benar | : | In “Who am I”, When he woke up, Jacky Chan didn’t know who he was. |
Dalam noun clause urutan yang benar adalah subject + verb, bukan verb + subject.
| Salah | : | The duty of a policeman is to help those need assistance. |
| Benar | : | The duty of a policeman is to help those needing assistance. |
| Benar | : | The duty of a policeman is to help those who need assistance. |
‘those’ menunjuk pada sekelompok orang banyak dan dapat diterangkan oleh the present participle, yaitu verb + ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Kita juga dapat menggunakan wh-clause (who need) untuk menerangkan those.
| Salah | : | It has been known that twenty-five percent of the babies in the United States are born with unwed mothers. |
| Benar | : | It has been known that twenty-five percent of the babies in the United States are born to unwed mothers. |
“dilahirkan oleh ibu yang belum menikah” adalah ‘born to unwed mothers’.
| Salah | : | A few are the people who can solve this problem. |
| Benar | : | Few are the people who can solve this problem. |
‘few’ mempunyai arti tidak banyak. Kalimat di atas mempunyai penekanan negatif. Jadi, subjek + predikat dapat diinversi menjadi predikat + subjek.
| Salah | : | Attacking the terrorists is one optional to save the hostages. |
| Benar | : | Attacking the terrorists is one option to save the hostages. |
Setelah angka kita menggunakan noun, bukan adjective. ‘option’ adalah noun, sedangkan optional adalah adjective.
| Salah | : | Managers are wondering what can they do to increase the profit of the company they work for. |
| Benar | : | Managers are wondering what they can do to increase the profit of the company they work for. |
Dalam wh clause urutan yang benar adalah subject + verb, bukan verb + subject.
| Salah | : | Influenza is especially serious in the young and the elders. |
| Benar | : | Inluenza is especially serious in the young and the elderly. |
‘the + adjective’ dapat digunakan sebagai kata benda yang menunjuk pada sekelompok orang dengan sifat yang disebutkan. Struktur paralel di atas membutuhkan adjective ‘elderly’. ‘the elder’ digunakan untuk menunjukkan seseorang yang lebih tua dari saudaranya.
| Salah | : | A procedure by that fat is removed from selected parts of the body is called liposuction. |
| Benar | : | A procedure by which fat is removed from selected parts of the body is called liposuction. |
‘by which’ menyatakan dengan cara bagaimana sesuatu itu dilakukan.
| Salah | : | Learning English is a way for the students to enrich the lives. |
| Benar | : | Learning English is a way for the students to enrich their lives. |
Jangan gunakan the jika kata benda yang dimaksud sudah jelas adalah milik seseorang atau sekelompok orang. Dalam kalimat di atas yang dimaksudkan dengan lives adalah kehidupan dari siswa itu sendiri. Jadi kita mengatakan their lives.
| Salah | : | Leather made by sheepskin is used to make different kinds of leather products. |
| Benar | : | Leather made of sheepskin is used to make different kinds of leather products. |
‘made’ adalah the past participle dan dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda dan ditempatkan tepat sesudah kata benda yang diterangkan. ‘leather’ diterangkan oleh made of sheepskin.
| Salah | : | Whether or not one will live happily remain a question throughout one’s life. |
| Benar | : | Whether or not one will live happily remains a question throughout one’s life. |
‘whether clause’ selalu menggunakan kata kerja tunggal.
| Salah | : | To protect themselves, the number of animals are able to change color. |
| Benar | : | To protect themselves, a number of animals are able to change color. |
‘a number of’ adalah sejumlah dan menunjuk pada jumlah yang belum teridentifikasi sebelumnya, sedangkan the number of menunjuk pada jumlah yang sudah teridentifikasi sebelumnya.
| Salah | : | Lack of sleep for long period of time will result in a shorter life span. |
| Benar | : | Lack of sleep for long periods of time will result in a shorter life span. |
Setelah preposisi for kita harus menggunakan plural countable noun atau uncountable noun. ‘period’ adalah countable noun.
| Salah | : | Journalists have to be careful no to report false information. |
| Benar | : | Journalists have to be careful not to report false information. |
Bentuk negatif dari to infinitive adalah not + to infinitive.
| Salah | : | To be able to speak English good, you need to practice a lot. |
| Benar | : | To be able to speak English well, you need to practice a lot. |
‘well’ adalah adverb yang menerangkan kata kerja speak.
| Salah | : | The higher mountain ever climbed by the students is Mount Gede. |
| Benar | : | The highest mountain ever climbed by the students is Mount Gede. |
‘ever’ dengan arti pernah dapat digunakan bersama the superlative adjective seperti the best movie ever seen, the biggest fish ever seen.
| Salah | : | The potency of a person’s strength deteriorates by time. |
| Benar | : | The potency of a person’s strength deteriorates with time. |
‘It deteriotes with time’ mempunyai arti “Hal itu menurun seiring dengan berlalunya waktu”.
| Salah | : | People can live shorter without water than can they without food. |
| Benar | : | People can live shorter without water than they can without food. |
Klausa harus mempunyai susunan subject + verb.
| Salah | : | When choosing a car to buy, the prospect buyer should first consider its safety. |
| Benar | : | When choosing a car to buy, the prospective buyer should first consider its safety. |
‘prospect’ adalah noun dengan arti reasonable hope, sedangkan prospective mempunyai arti expected.
| Salah | : | Few did he know that he would win the Nobel prize. |
| Benar | : | Little did he know that he would win the Nobel prize. |
‘little’ berarti tidak banyak. Kata yang berkonotasi negatif dapat dibalik urutannya menjadi verb + subject. Kita biasa mengatakan He knew little bukan He knew many tetapi He knew many things.
| Salah | : | The pursue of happiness cannot be accomplished without working hard. |
| Benar | : | The pursuit of happiness cannot be accomplished without working hard. |
‘pursuit’ adalah kata benda, sedangkan pursue adalah kata kerja.
| Salah | : | Of all the dictionaries, the two most wanted ones are the Oxford University Press and Eplus. |
| Benar | : | Of all the dictionaries, the two most wanted ones are that of Oxford University Press and that of Eplus. |
‘The dictionaries of Oxford University Press and Eplus’ dapat diganti dengan That of Oxford University Press and that of Eplus.
| Salah | : | In accordance to most countries’ law, drug-related crimes may face the death penalty. |
| Benar | : | In accordance with most countries’ law, drug-related crimes may face the death penalty. |
‘in accordance’ menggunakan preposisi with. ‘in accordance with’ berarti sesuai dengan.
| Salah | : | The major oil company in Indonesia is the Pertamina. |
| Benar | : | The major oil company in Indonesia is Pertamina. |
Nama perusahaan tidak menggunakan article the kecuali the itu adalah bagian nama perusahaan.
| Salah | : | People losing one of their eyes should take care of another one. |
| Benar | : | People losing one of their eyes should take care of the other one. |
Jika benda tersebut sudah diketahui dengan jelas terdiri dari dua buah, maka kita menggunakan one… the other one.
| Salah | : | Fewest students than ever before are choosing to major in English. |
| Benar | : | Fewer students than ever before are choosing to major in English. |
‘than ever before’ menggunakan comparative form. ‘fewer students than ever before’ mempunyai arti kurang banyak siswa dibandingkan dengan sebelumnya. ‘ever before’ digunakan untuk penekanan yang menyatakan sesuatu yang pernah terjadi.
| Salah | : | A hungry person can eat as many six ounces of meat. |
| Benar | : | A hungry person can eat as much as six ounces of meat. |
Kita dapat mengatakan jumlah ukuran berat dengan as much as.
| Salah | : | Looked like normal babies, autistic babies show no signs of abnormality. |
| Benar | : | Looking like normal babies, autistic children show no signs of abnormality. |
‘looking like’ berfungsi sebagai modifier, yaitu kata yang menerangkan kata benda.
‘looking like normal babies’ menerangkan autistic children.
| Salah | : | Those grammar books were published between years 1995 and 2004. |
| Benar | : | Those grammar books were published between the years 1995 and 2004. |
Tahun-tahun penerbitan sudah teridentifikasi sehingga kita menggunakan article the.
| Salah | : | Politics are as important as other fields of study. |
| Benar | : | Politics is as important as other fields of study. |
Bidang studi adalah singular noun walaupun penulisannya menggunakan akhiran ‘s’ seperti politics, mathematics, statistics.
| Salah | : | Both girl schools and boy schools are losing their popularity. |
| Benar | : | Both girl’s schools and boy’s schools are losing their popularity. |
Kita biasanya mengatakan women’s magazine, men’s clothes.
| Salah | : | Half millennium is a period of 500 years calculated before or after the birth of Christ. |
| Benar | : | Half a millennium is a period of 500 years calculated before or after the birth of Christ. |
Kita mengatakan half a dozen atau a half dozen, half an hour atau a half hour tetapi tidak half hour.
| Salah | : | Slaughtered at a million, the animals became extinct in the early part of the century. |
| Benar | : | Slaughtered by the millions, the animals became extinct in the early part of the century. |
‘by the millions’ mempunyai arti to the number of millions (sampai jutaan).
| Salah | : | One of the movie stars who became President of the United States in movie’s history was Ronald Reagan. |
| Benar | : | One of the movie stars who became President of the United States in movie history was Ronald Reagan. |
‘noun’ dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective dan digunakan untuk menerangkan noun lainnya.
| Salah | : | Ordinary, a student consults (with) his academic advisor before deciding on a course schedule. |
| Benar | : | Ordinarily, a student consults (with) his academic advisor before deciding on a course schedule. |
‘ordinarily’ adalah adverb yang menerangkan seluruh kalimat.
| Salah | : | It was in the twenty century that men landed on the moon. |
| Benar | : | It was in the twentieth century that men landed on the moon. |
Kita mengatakan the first, the second, the tenth, the twentieth. ‘first, second, third’ disebut ordinal numbers, sedangkan one, two, three,… disebut cardinal numbers.
| Salah | : | An adult person is legal responsible for his action. |
| Benar | : | An adult person is legally responsible for his action. |
Adverb dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan kata sifat dan biasanya ditempatkan di depan adjective. Adverb: ‘legally’ menerangkan responsible.
| Salah | : | Huge sum of money has been invested in the project. |
| Benar | : | A huge sum of money has been invested in the project. |
Karena sum adalah countable noun sehingga kita mengatakan a huge sum of money atau huge sums of money. Dalam kalimat di atas menggunakan a huge sum of money karena kata kerja yang digunakan adalah tunggal (has).
| Salah | : | To be President of the United States, one must be at least 35 years. |
| Benar | : | To be President of the United States, one must be at least 35 years old. |
Kita menggunakan konstruksi subject + be + cardinal number + year(s) old seperti ‘He is two years old’.
| Salah | : | It is customarily for diners not to use their left hand when eating. |
| Benar | : | It is customary for diners not to use their left hand when eating. |
Salah satu kalimat yang menggunakan konstruksi be adalah subject + be + adjective + (not) + to infinitive. ‘customary’ adalah adjective, sedangkan customarily adalah adverb.
| Salah | : | Female alligators dig sand nests in those they can deposit their eggs. |
| Benar | : | Female alligators dig sand nests in which they can deposit their eggs. |
Preposisi ‘in’ sebenarnya berasal dari kata kerja deposit something in… dan
ditempatkan di akhir kalimat menjadi: Female alligators dig sand nests which they
can deposit their eggs in. ‘in’ dapat ditempatkan di depan which. ‘in which’ dalam
kalimat di atas dapat juga diganti dengan ‘where’. Jadi, kita juga dapat mengatakan Female alligators dig sand nests where they can deposit their eggs.
| Salah | : | Reading stories books can improve one’s language proficiency. |
| Benar | : | Reading story books can improve one’s language proficiency. |
‘noun’ yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun lainnya harus dalam bentuk
singular (tunggal).
| Salah | : | When saw me, he waved. |
| Benar | : | When seeing me, he waved. |
‘when’ dapat diikuti oleh verb + ing asalkan subjek dari kalimat utama adalah juga subjek dari verb + ing.
| Salah | : | Likely those of normal fish, the wing-like fins of a flying fish make it possible to jump out of the water and sail through the air. |
| Benar | : | Unlike those of normal fish, the wing-like fins of a flying fish make it possible to jump out of the water and sail through the air. |
‘unlike’ adalah preposisi dengan arti “tidak seperti” dan diikuti oleh kata benda, sedangkan ‘likely’ adalah adjective dengan arti “mungkin” dan diikuti oleh to + infinitive.
| Salah | : | Many information is reported daily. |
| Benar | : | Much information is reported daily. |
‘information’ adalah uncountable noun. Kita menggunakan much dengan uncountable noun dan many dengan countable noun.
| Salah | : One day you may need neither cash or a card for highway tolls. | |
| Benar | : One day you may need neither cash nor a card for highway tolls. |
‘neither… nor’ mempunyai arti not two or more things are true (tidak dari dua hal yang disebutkan adalah benar). ‘neither…nor’ digunakan dengan frasa paralel.
| Salah | : | Original invented in China, paper is now used worldwide. |
| Benar | : | Originally invented in China, paper is now used worldwide. |
‘originally’ adalah adverb dan digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja invented.
| Salah | : | That is regarded as a scientific fact today can be wrong tomorrow. |
| Benar | : | What is regarded as a scientific fact today can be wrong tomorrow. |
‘what + verb’ sebagai noun clause dapat ditempatkan sebagai subyek kalimat, sedangkan jika noun clause yang menggunakan that harus dalam bentuk that + subject + verb.
| Salah | : | Extreme exposure to sunlight is like to cause skin cancer. |
| Benar | : | Extreme exposure to sunlight is likely to cause skin cancer. |
‘likely’ adalah adjective dengan arti mungkin diikuti oleh to + infinitive. ‘like’ dalam kalimat di atas adalah preposisi dan seharusnya diikuti oleh kata benda (noun).
| Salah | : | In passed years, the primary means of communication is radio. |
| Benar | : | In past years, the primary means of communication is radio. |
‘past’ adalah adjective dan ditempatkan di depan kata benda years.
| Salah | : | None president is so/as influential as the President of the United States. |
| Benar | : | No president is so/as influential as the President of the United States. |
‘no’ ditempatkan di depan kata benda, sedangkan none adalah no + one.
| Salah | : | No but Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed the independence of Indonesia. |
| Benar | : | Who but Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed the independence of Indonesia. |
‘who but…’ mempunyai arti “siapa kecuali ...”
| Salah | : | One tablet it contains 1000 milligrams of vitamin C. |
| Benar | : | One tablet contains 1000 milligrams of vitamin C. |
Kita tidak menggunakan it karena one tablet adalah subjek dari kalimat tersebut.
| Salah | : | When euthanasia should be legalized is a source of intense debate in most countries. |
| Benar | : | Whether or not euthanasia should be legalized is a source of intense debate in most countries. |
‘whether or not’ dapat memulai sebuah sub-clause. ‘whether or not’ mempunyai arti “apakah….atau tidak”.
| Salah | : | You like to go to the beach with us? |
| Benar | : | Would you like to go to the beach with us? |
‘would like’ diikuti oleh infinitive dan digunakan untuk mengundang seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu jika digunakan dalam kalimat tanya. Jika digunakan dalam kalimat pernyataan, would like mempunyai arti want (mau).
| Salah | : | Doctors recommend a free-sugar diet to those suffering from diabetes. |
| Benar | : | Doctors recommend a sugar-free diet to those suffering from diabetes. |
‘sugar-free’ mempunyai arti “bebas gula”. ‘free’ dapat digunakan dengan kata benda dan ditempatkan setelah kata benda tersebut untuk bersama-sama membentuk compound adjective.
| Salah | : | With life being so unpredict, you will never know what is going to happen next. |
| Benar | : | With life being so unpredictable, you will never know what is going to happen next. |
‘with’ digunakan dengan noun + modifying phrase untuk menunjukkan keadaan atau alasan yang menemani klausa dalam kalimat tersebut.
| Salah | : | Most people spend more time think about weather than about climate. |
| Benar | : | Most people spend more time thinking about weather than about climate. |
Kata kerja ‘spend’ dapat digunakan dengan verb + ing (gerund) dengan konstruksi di
atas.
| Salah | : | Tobacco companies sponsor five of the ten Formula One teams, with Ferrari, the richest team, receives a reported 120 million euros annually nfrom Marlboro. |
| Benar | : | Tobacco companies sponsor five of the ten Formula One teams, with Ferrari, the richest team, receiving a reported 120 million euros annually from Marlboro. |
Kita dapat membentuk konstruksi dengan with + noun + verb ing.
| Salah | : | Some scientists now believe that the drastic changes in our planet climate have played a big part in human evolution. |
| Benar | : | Some scientists now believe that the drastic changes in our planet’s climate have played a big part in human evolution. |
Kata benda yang berhubungan dengan fenomena alam menggunakan ‘s seperti: the moon’s ray, the earth’s atmosphere. (his/hers/ours/theirs/mine) tidak oleh object pronoun (him/her/us/them/me).
| Salah | : | Expenditures are especially high in cities, when more people have regular and cellular telephones and facsimile machines. |
| Benar | : | Expenditures are especially high in cities, where more people have regular and cellular telephones and facsimile machines. |
‘clause’ yang dimulai dengan ‘relative adverb’ where ditempatkan setelah kata benda tempat.
| Salah | : | There are several dozens kinds of durians. |
| Benar | : | There are several dozen kinds of durians. |
Yang jamak dari kalimat di atas adalah kinds (jenis), bukan dozen. Kita tidak mengatakan two dozens of durians tetapi two dozen durians.
| Salah | : | Shops sell them by jar. |
| Benar | : | Shops sell them by the jar. |
Salah satu penggunaan article ‘the’ adalah dalam konstruksi by the jar, by the piece, by the liter. Jangan mengatakan by jar, by piece, by liter.
| Salah | : | Until recently doctors believe that ulcers were caused by stress. |
| Benar | : | Until recently doctors believed that ulcers were caused by stress. |
Setelah ‘until recently’ gunakan the simple past tense karena kejadiannya terjadi di
masa lampau dan baru saja berakhir.
| Salah | : | It is likely that these withholding feelings are to be done with your father or your family. |
| Benar | : | It is likely that these withholding feelings are to do with your father or your family. |
‘be to + (infinitive)’ mempunyai arti yang aktif (menyatakan sesuatu yang pasti)
sedangkan, be to + be + the past participle mempunyai arti yang pasif. Kalimat di atas harus menggunakan kalimat aktif.
| Salah | : | Attitudes toward punctuality vary greatly from one culture to the other. |
| Benar | : | Attitudes toward punctuality vary greatly from one culture to another. |
‘from one to another’ sudah merupakan ungkapan baku. Gunakan from one to another,
jangan yang lain.
| Salah | : | The phillipines is Asia only predominantly Roman Catholic country with more than 80 percent of its population adhering to the religion. |
| Benar | : | The phillipines is Asia’s only predominantly Roman Catholic country with more than 80 percent of its population adhering to the religion. |
‘aposthrophe s’ (’s) digunakan untuk menandakan milik dari makhluk hidup. Untuk negara, perusahaan atau sekelompok orang yang mewakili perusahaan, kita juga dapat menggunakan aposthrophe s (’s).
| Salah | : | Transporting people and being a stand-by roster for Search and Rescue are peacetime roles, but it’s all practice in case a real combat situation. |
| Benar | : | Transporting people and being a stand-by roster for Search and Rescue are peacetime roles, but it’s all practice in case of a real combat situation. |
‘in case of’ mempunyai arti jika terjadi. ‘in case of a real combat situation’ mempunyai arti “jika terjadi keadaan pertempuran yang sebenarnya”. ‘in case of’diikuti oleh noun.
| Salah | : | I feel like my talents are being wasted. |
| Benar | : | I feel like my talents being wasted. |
| Salah | : | I feel like go out. |
| Benar | : | I feel like going out. |
‘feel like’ diikuti oleh noun atau verb ing. ‘my talents’ dalam kalimat di atas
diterangkan oleh being wasted.
| Salah | : | I have / There are no problem doing all filing, photocopying and other administrative tasks. |
| Benar | : | I have / There is no problem doing all filing, photocopying and other administrative tasks. |
| Benar | : | I have / There are no problems doing all filing, photocopying and other administrative tasks. |
‘subject + have + no + problem(s)’ dan ‘There is/are + no + problem(s)’ dapat diikuti
oleh gerund, yaitu verb ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
| Salah | : | As long you are dressed properly, it’s not the size of the body but the work that should count. |
| Benar | : | As long as you are dressed properly, it’s not the size of the body but the work that should count. |
‘as long as’ mempunyai arti sepanjang (provided that) dan digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu pernyataan adalah benar sepanjang pernyataan yang lain benar. ‘as long as’ diikuti oleh clause.
| Salah | : | Thin girls get as many discrimination as big girls. |
| Benar | : | Thin girls get as much discrimination as big girls. |
‘much/little’ digunakan dengan uncountable noun, sedangkan many/few digunakan dengan countable nouns.
| Salah | : | You realize how different your life values are until you work together. |
| Benar | : | You don’t / won’t realize how different your life values are until you work together |
‘not …until …’ mempunyai arti tidak … sampai…. Kalimat di atas mempunyai arti Anda tidak (akan) menyadari bagaimana berbedanya nilai-nilai hidup Anda sampai Anda bekerja bersama.
| Salah | : | Asthma sufferers will know that it’s the worst feeling in the world no to be able to breathe smoothly. |
| Benar | : | Asthma sufferers will know that it’s the worst feeling in the world not to be able to breathe smoothly. |
Bentuk negatif dari infinitive adalah not to bukan no to.
| Salah | : | They are through touch that babies learn a lot about the new world surrounding them. |
| Benar | : | It is through touch that babies learn a lot about the new world surrounding them. |
‘It is’ dapat diikuti oleh prepositional phrase dan that
| Salah | : | If the government takes quick action to overcome problems caused by the destruction of their habitat, there will be no more orangutans here by 2020. |
| Benar | : | Unless the government takes quick action to overcome problems caused by the destruction of their habitat, there will be no more orangutans here by 2020. |
‘unless’ mempunyai arti if…not dan diikuti oleh clause. Klausa unless the government takes quick action to overcome problems caused by destruction of their habitat sama dengan atau mempunyai arti if the government does not take quick action to overcome problems caused by destruction of their habitat.
| Salah | : | All the presidential election candidates promised to fight corruption they should be elected. |
| Benar | : | All the presidential election candidates promised to fight corruption should they be elected. |
‘should’ yang ditempatkan di depan subyek mempunyai arti if. ‘should they be elected’ dalam kalimat di atas mempunyai arti ‘if they are elected’.
| Salah | : | Do immigrants and their offsprings no want to integrate themselves into the existing society? |
| Benar | : | Do immigrants and their offsprings not want to integrate themselves into the existing society? |
Pertanyaan dalam bentuk negatif menggunakan not bukan no.
| Salah | : | Unfortunately, when flood occurs, the victims have no other choice and to live in areas vulnerable to flooding. |
| Benar | : | Unfortunately, when flood occurs, the victims have no other choice but to live in areas vulnerable to flooding. |
‘no other choice’ dikombinasikan dengan but, tidak dengan and karena saling bertolak belakang.
| Salah | : | Let think about the overall effect of this shift in buying habits which was imposed by the hypermarkets as it will affect the unique Indonesian culture and lifestyle. |
| Benar | : | Let’s think about the overall effect of this shift in buying habits which was imposed by the hypermarkets as it will affect the unique Indonesian culture and lifestyle. |
‘let’s’ adalah singkatan dari let us dan diikuti oleh infinitive.
| Salah | : | In a bid to boost excise revenue, the Directorate General of Excise and Customs will impose excise duty on cassettes, laser discs and digital versatile discs provide that the House of Representatives give its approval. |
| Benar | : | In a bid to boost excise revenue, the Directorate General of Excise and Customs will impose excise duty on cassettes, laser discs and digital versatile discs provided that the House of Representatives give its approval. |
‘provided (that)’ mempunyai arti ‘if’ (jika). ‘provided (that)’ dapat juga digantikan dengan providing (that).
| Salah | : | We look forward to receive an early replay. |
| Benar | : | We look forward to receiving an early replay. |
| Salah | : | The government is giving consideration to use more domestic crude oil in a bid to lower the cost of subsidies. |
| Benar | : | The government is giving consideration to using more domestic crude oil in a bid to lower the cost of subsidies. |
‘to’ dalam kalimat di atas adalah preposisi dan setiap kata yang ditempatkan setelah preposisi harus dalam bentuk kata benda. Untuk mengubah kata kerja menjadi kata benda kita dapat menambahkan ing sebagai akhiran kata kerja tersebut (verb + ing). Beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti oleh preposisi to + verb ing adalah object to, confess to.
| Salah | : | Only 300 books were translated into Arabic in 2003 which is about one title per million Arabs. |
| Benar | : | Only 300 books were translated into Arabic in 2003, which is about one title per million Arabs. |
‘adjective clause’ dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan main clause. ‘adjective clause’ which is about one title per million Arabs menerangkan clause ‘only 300 books were translated into Arabic in 2003’. Perhatikan bahwa penulisan adjective clause tersebut harus dimulai dengan tanda baca koma.
| Salah | : | The fact that the country continuing to be unable to provide fundamental services to its people should come as no surprise. |
| Benar | : | The fact that the the country continues to be unable to provide fundamental services to its people should come as no surprise. |
‘the fact’ dapat diikuti oleh that-clause. ’that clause’ harus dalam bentuk yang benar, yaitu that + subject + verb.
| Salah | : | He called on domestic tourists to go on with their travel plan to tourist spots across the archipelago in order to show that Indonesia is still worth of visit. |
| Benar | : | He called on domestic tourists to go on with their travel plan to tourist spots across the archipelago in order to show that Indonesia is still worth visiting. |
‘be worth’ dengan arti ‘berharga’ diikuti oleh noun atau gerund (verb ing, yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda).
| Salah | : | He has yet receive any information on any major cancellations by foreign tourists. |
| Benar | : | He has yet to receive any information on any major cancellations by foreign tourists. |
‘have yet to’ mempunyai arti “belum”.
| Salah | : | Some 75 percent of all diabetics have cardio-vascular complications, and 75 percent of all heart attack victims have neither diabetes or pre-diabetes. |
| Benar | : | Some 75 percent of all diabetics have cardio-vascular complications, and 75 percent of all heart attack victims have either diabetes or pre-diabetes. |
‘either…or’ mempunyai arti “salah satu dari dua, yang mana saja”.
| Salah | : | Darwin has long puzzled about the evolutionary significance of such striking aspects of animal appearance as, for instance, the peacock’s gorgeous tail. |
| Benar | : | Darwin had long puzzled about the evolutionary significance of such striking aspects of animal appearance as, for instance, the peacock’s gorgeous tail. |
Cerita mengenai seseorang yang sudah meninggal harus menggunakan past tense. Dalam kalimat di atas kita menggunakan the past perfect tense.
| Salah | : | It’s not much fat you remove but how you remove it that is really what is important. |
| Benar | : | It’s not how much fat you remove but how you remove it that is really what is important. |
‘It’s not’ dapat diikuti oleh wh-clause.
| Salah | : | By no investing in occupational welfare, companies risk breaking work safety laws, which could result in still fines or jail terms for company bosses. |
| Benar | : | By not investing in occupational welfare, companies risk breaking work safety laws, which could result in still fines or jail terms for company bosses. |
Bentuk negatif dari kata kerja yang ditempatkan setelah preposisi adalah not + verb ing.
| Salah | : | China now has an estimated of 10 million to 13 million mainland customers for luxury goods, most of which are entrepreneurs and young professionals working for multinational firms. |
| Benar | : | China now has an estimated of 10 million to 13 million mainland customers for luxury goods, most of whom are entrepreneurs and young professionals working for multinational firms. |
Kita dapat menempatkan ekspresi kuantitas most of, some of, a few of untuk menerangkan kata benda. Kita menggunakan most of which, some of which, a few of which untuk menerangkan benda, sedangkan most of whom, some of whom, a few of whom untuk menerangkan orang. Dalam kalimat di atas whom menggantikan 10 million to 13 million mainland customers for luxury goods.
| Salah | : | Squatters have long been blamed for worsening pollution in the rivers due their bad habit of throwing their household waste into the rivers. |
| Benar | : | Squatters have long been blamed for worsening pollution in the rivers due to their bad habit of throwing their household waste into the rivers. |
‘due to’ adalah preposisi dengan arti because of (karena) dan harus diikuti oleh kata benda.
| Salah | : | An employer who did not pay her Indonesian maid for almost two years has been fined and ordered to pay the overdue wages in the first case of its kinds in Singapore. |
| Benar | : | An employer who did not pay her Indonesian maid for almost two years has been fined and ordered to pay the overdue wages in the first case of its kind in Singapore. |
‘of its kind’ mempunyai arti ‘of others that are similar’ (yang sejenis itu). ‘the first case of its kind’ mempunyai arti “kasus pertama yang sejenis itu”. Jangan gunakan of its kinds.
| Salah | : | If my sister comes, so my brother will join us too |
| Benar | : | If my sister comes, then my brother will join us too |
‘if…then’ adalah correlative conjunction dengan arti “jika…maka”
| Salah | : | The leader was supported by not merely the poor but even the rich. |
| Benar | : | The leader was supported by not merely the poor but even the rich. |
‘not merely…but even’ adalah correlative conjunction dengan arti “tidak hanya…tetapi bahkan”.
| Salah | : | Are you a member of the Exevutives’ Club? |
| Benar | : | Are you a member of the Exevutives Club? |
‘Executive’ menerangkan ‘Club’. ‘Club’ tersebut bukan milik para eksekutif. Jika ‘Club’ tersebut adalah milik para executive, kita mengatakan ‘the executives’ club’ dengan menggunakan tanda apostrophe (’). Demikian juga dengan Teachers College, Nurses Hostel, Ladies College.
| Salah | : | He walked faster than I do. |
| Benar | : | He walked faster than I did. |
Kalimat di atas menggunakan the simple past tense dengan kata kerja utama. Jadi, kita harus menggunakan ‘did’.
| Salah | : | Mathematics are not easy. |
| Benar | : | Mathematics is not easy. |
Kata benda tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang berakhiran dengan ‘s’ adalah tunggal seperti statistics, athletics, economics, news.
| Salah | : | Every boy and girl get a present. |
| Benar | : | Every boy and girl gets a present. |
‘every + noun’ menggunakan singular verb. ‘every boy and girl’ dalam kalimat di atas berarti ‘every boy and every girl’.
| Salah | : | The teacher and writer are going to give a speech. |
| Benar | : | The teacher and writer is going to give a speech |
‘the teacher and writer’ menunjuk pada orang yang sama sehingga memerlukan singular verb. Untuk menunjuk dua orang yang berbeda, gunakan the pada kata benda kedua (the teacher and the writer).
| Salah | : | It’s time we pull together and proclaim ‘enough is enough’. |
| Benar | : | It’s time we pulled together and proclaimed ‘enough is enough’. |
‘it’s time’ harus diikuti oleh the simple past tense. Jangan gunakan tense yang lain.
| Salah | : | Not smoking is allowed in the hall. |
| Benar | : | No smoking is allowed in the hall. |
‘no’ ditempatkan di depan kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja (verb ing atau gerund).
| Salah | : | It is what you eat makes you stay healthy. |
| Benar | : | It is what you eat that makes you stay healthy. |
Kalimat di atas mempunyai arti: Apa yang Anda makanlah yang membuat Anda tetap sehat. Perhatikan konstruksi tersebut It is + wh clause + that clause.
| Salah | : | The problem has happened following the replacement of a number of clerks and administrators including who are responsible for the convict’s files. |
| Benar | : | The problem has happened following the replacement of a number of clerks and administrators including those who are responsible for the convict’s files. |
‘those who’ mempunyai arti “mereka yang”. ‘those who are responsible for the convict’s files’ mempunyai arti “mereka yang bertanggung jawab atas file terhukum”.
| Salah | : | On behalf of the entire police force he declares John no a suspect and starting Monday he is officially released. |
| Benar | : | On behalf of the entire police force he declares John not a suspect and starting Monday he is officially released. |
Kata kerja declare diikuti oleh noun atau adjective. Bentuk negatif dari noun ataupun adjective yang mengikuti declare menggunakan not bukan no.
| Salah | : | More than one mode of transportation are usually employed. |
| Benar | : | More than one mode of transportation is usually employed. |
‘more than one’ diikuti oleh singular verb.
| Salah | : | He has never owned that amount of money in his life, not would he have access to gather even half of that. |
| Benar | : | He has never owned that amount of money in his life, nor would he have access to gather even half of that. |
‘nor’ digunakan sebagai bentuk negatif yang kedua dari dua set bentuk negatif.
| Salah | : | Good wine drunk with good food should have nothing and beneficial effects. |
| Benar | : | Good wine drunk with good food should have nothing but beneficial effects. |
‘nothing’ sering kali dikombinasikan dengan ‘but’.
| Salah | : | It seems that it is child who drive the evolution of language. |
| Benar | : | It seems that it is children who drive the evolution of language. |
‘it is’ dapat diikuti oleh plural noun + clause. ‘plural noun’ tersebut harus diikuti oleh plural verb. ‘plural noun’ ‘children’ diikuti oleh plural verb ‘drive’.
| Salah | : | Several experts have disputed the idea that this year hurricane season was unigue. |
| Benar | : | Several experts have disputed the idea that this year’s hurricane season was unigue. |
Kita harus menggunakan tanda apostrophe s (’s) dengan kata benda yang menyatakan waktu. ‘hurricane season’ di atas terjadi pada tahun ini.
| Salah | : | It is easier for the champaign team to engage in fraudulent activities, because not they are worse people but because they have the opportunity. |
| Benar | : | It is easier for the champaign team to engage in fraudulent activities, not because they are worse people but because they have the opportunity. |
‘not because’ dengan arti bukan karena diikuti oleh but. ‘not’ ditempatkan tepat di depan because.
| Salah | : | Almost all religions forbid homosexuality, as it can be seen in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Bible or the people of the Prophet Luth in the Koran. |
| Benar | : | Almost all religions forbid homosexuality, as can be seen in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Bible or the people of the Prophet Luth in the Koran. |
‘as’ dapat diikuti oleh clause. Dalam bentuk formal subject pronoun dalam clause tersebut dihilangkan.
| Salah | : | Reseachers discovered an unexpected section deep beneath the ice cap, which may indicate that the ice is less stable than it had been thought. |
| Benar | : | Reseachers discovered an unexpected section deep beneath the ice cap, which may indicate that the ice is less stable than had been thought. |
‘than’ dapat diikuti oleh clause. Dalam bentuk formal subject pronoun dalam clause tersebut dihilangkan.
| Salah | : | The verdict has the potential for a chilling effect over press freedom by hampering journalism on a day-to-day basis. |
| Benar | : | The verdict has the potential for a chilling effect on press freedom by hampering journalism on a day-to-day basis. |
Kata benda tertentu menggunakan preposisi tertentu. ‘effect’ menggunakan preposisi on.
| Salah | : | Of the 68,777 midwives, 40 percent are private midwifes, 50 percent is civil servants and the remaining based on contracts. |
| Benar | : | Of the 68,777 midwives, 40 percent are private midwifes, 50 percent civil servants and the remaining based on contracts. |
Kita dapat menghilangkan be (am, is, are, was, were) dalam ‘50 percent civil servants and the remaining based on contracts’. Perhatikan bahwa di depannya harus ditempatkan tanda baca koma (,).
| Salah | : | The experiences of countries that have succeeded in reduce poverty show the majority of people who escape from poverty do so by taking up new employment. |
| Benar | : | The experiences of countries that have succeeded in reducing poverty show the majority of people who escape from poverty do so by taking up new employment. |
‘preposisi’ selalu diikuti oleh kata benda. Jika kata kerja yang mengikuti preposisi, maka kata kerja ini harus diubah menjadi kata benda dengan menambahkan ing (verb ing). ‘verb ing’ ini disebut gerund, yaitu kata kerja + ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
| Salah | : | These preparations are all necessary to prevent a panic in response to so a drastic policy. |
| Benar | : | These preparations are all necessary to prevent a panic in response to such a drastic policy. |
‘such’ mempunyai arti “yang demikian/begitu” (of a similar thing) dan diikuti oleh noun, sedangkan so diikuti oleh adjective atau adverb.
| Salah | : | Experts long said that people are affecting the world’s climate, and this is no longer in any real dispute. |
| Benar | : | Experts have long said that people are affecting the world’s climate, and this is no longer in any real dispute. |
‘have + long + the past participle’ mempunyai arti “sudah lama”. ‘long’ biasanya digunakan dengan ‘the present perfect tense’.
| Salah | : | No one is there teach them formal sign language. |
| Benar | : | No one is there to teach them formal sign language. |
‘subject + adverbial’ dapat diikuti oleh to infinitive. Dalam kalimat di atas subject adalah no one, adverbial adalah there dan to infinitive adalah to teach.
| Salah | : | It has been a hobby of him ever since he was a child. |
| Benar | : | It has been a hobby of his ever since he was a child. |
‘a’ + noun phrase + of diikuti oleh possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs).
| Salah | : | The doctor performed the operations without John consent. |
| Benar | : | The doctor performed the operations without John’s consent. |
‘wihout + somebody’s consent/permission/knowledge’ adalah konstruksi yang benar.
| Salah | : | Some feel neglected by their families and others chose to live in a home for the aged as not to be a burden. |
| Benar | : | Some feel neglected by their families and others chose to live in a home for the aged so as not to be a burden. |
‘so as not to’ mempunyai arti “agar supaya tidak” dan diikuti oleh infinitive.
| Salah | : | The traders agreed to appoint the University of Indonesia to conduct a study, the result of it is to be used as input in the city administration’s decision. |
| Benar | : | The traders agreed to appoint the University of Indonesia to conduct a study, the result of which is to be used as input in the city administration’s decision. |
Kita menggunakan ‘the result of which’ karena kalimat di atas adalah satu kalimat. Jika kita menggunakan ‘the result of it’, ‘the result of it’ harus memulai kalimat baru. Kalimat tersebut menjadi: The traders agreed to appoint the University of Indonesia to conduct a study. The result of it is to be used as input in the city administration’s decision.
| Salah | : | Yoga offers less than half physical benefits of even a light to moderate walk. |
| Benar | : | Yoga offers less than half (of) the physical benefits of even a light to moderate walk. |
Kita dapat mengatakan ‘half of the physical benefits’ atau ‘half the physical benefits’.
| Salah | : | It is the strongest construction market I ever saw in 40 years in health care. |
| Benar | : | It is the strongest construction market I have ever seen in 40 years in health care. |
Kita menggunakan the present perfect tense setelah it is + the superlative adjective.
| Salah | : | Once our young people decide to dedicate their lives to raising the country’s standing through sports, guarantees must provide that they will be well taken care of in the future. |
| Benar | : | Once our young people decide to dedicate their lives to raising the country’s standing through sports, guarantees must be provided that they will be well taken care of in the future. |
Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan modal auxiliary verb mempunyai konstruksi modal auxiliary verb + be + the past participle.
| Salah | : | Some traffickers are linked to organized crime, while other use the internet to sell their goods. |
| Salah | : | A trafficker is linked to organized crime, while others use the internet to sell their goods. |
| Benar | : | Some traffickers are linked to organized crime, while others use the internet to sell their goods. |
‘some…’ dikombinasikan dengan while others. Jangan gunakan ‘while other’ ataupun a…+ while others.
| Salah | : | What is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in other. |
| Benar | : | What is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another. |
‘one…’ digunakan dengan ‘another…’ dan mempunyai arti “yang satu…yang lain”.
| Salah | : | Asthma sufferers will know that it’s the worst feeling in the world to not be able to breathe smoothly. |
| Benar | : | Asthma sufferers will know that it’s the worst feeling in the world not to be able to breathe smoothly. |
Bentuk negatif dari infinitive adalah not to + infinitive.
| Salah | : | The ongoing price war is being waged by cellular phone operators that has resulted in the lower charges is making the industry one of the most competitive in the country. |
| Benar | : | The ongoing price war being waged by cellular phone operators that has resulted in the lower charges is making the industry one of the most competitive in the country. |
Dalam clause ‘The ongoing price war which is being waged by cellular phone operators’ ‘which is’ dapat dihilangkan.
| Salah | : | It is always interesting to see how emerging technologies threaten to disrupt existing one that are just beginning to become more widespread. |
| Benar | : | It is always interesting to see how emerging technologies threaten to disrupt existing ones that are just beginning to become more widespread. |
‘ones’ digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda jamak, sedangkan ‘one’ digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda tunggal.
| Salah | : | Aging progresses, many elderly people find that their taste buds are not as sensitive, and both chewing and swallowing can become more difficult. |
| Benar | : | As aging progresses, many elderly people find that their taste buds are not as sensitive, and both chewing and swallowing can become more difficult. |
‘as clause’ digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan dengan main clause.
| Salah | : | The mayor obliged all administration employees to wear Muslim garb every Friday, when non-Muslims could continue to wear civil servant uniforms as usual. |
| Benar | : | The mayor obliged all administration employees to wear Muslim garb every Friday, while non-Muslims could continue to wear civil servant uniforms as usual. |
‘while’ mempunyai arti ‘during the time that’ atau ‘at the same time as’ (pada saat yang bersamaan) dan digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi di dalam sub-clause berlangsung bersamaan dengan kejadian yang terjadi di dalam main clause.
| Salah | : | He told me what to not do. |
| Benar | : | He told me what not to do. |
Kita tetap menempatkan not di depan to infinitive yang didahului oleh kata tanya what.
| Salah | : | It is evidence that protein might suppress the appetite |
| Benar | : | There is evidence that protein might suppress the appetite |
‘there + be’ dapat diikuti oleh noun + that clause.
| Salah | : | Hopes are high which the new leaders will be able to deliver palpable improvements to the country’s economy. |
| Benar | : | Hopes are high that the new leaders will be able to deliver palpable improvements to the country’s economy. |
‘noun + be + adjective’ dapat diikuti oleh that clause.
| Salah | : | If the government can save the company, it will be a good example of it prioritizes domestic business. |
| Benar | : | If the government can save the company, it will be a good example of how it prioritizes domestic business. |
‘how clause’ dapat ditempatkan sesudah noun phrase + of.
| Salah | : | Regardless one’s ethnicity, religion, nationality or political beliefs, the festival is a chance for us to find new meaning in life. |
| Benar | : | Regardless of one’s ethnicity, religion, nationality or political beliefs, the festival is a chance for us to find new meaning in life. |
‘regardless’ harus diikuti oleh preposisi of + noun phrase.
| Salah | : | This include require institutions to know their customers and their source of funds, to maintain records that explain all transactions and report all suspicious transacations. |
| Benar | : | This include requiring institutions to know their customers and their source of funds, to maintain records that explain all transactions and report all suspicious transacations. |
Kata kerja yang mengikuti kata kerja include harus dalam bentuk verb ing.
| Salah | : | That is none good. It is easily broken. |
| Benar | : | That is no good. It is easily broken. |
‘no’ dapat digunakan di depan adjective dengan arti ‘not any’. Contoh yang lain adalah: It’s no different.
| Salah | : | The key to the future is clean technology, the costs of it have been falling. |
| Benar | : | The key to the future is clean technology, the costs of which have been falling. |
Kita dapat mengatakan the costs of which sebagai ganti dari whose costs.
| Salah | : | The comfort level of Japan, China and South Korea is nowhere near the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. |
| Benar | : | The comfort level of Japan, China and South Korea is nowhere near that of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. |
‘that of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ sama dengan the comfort level of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
| Salah | : | The number of students are increasing each year. |
| Benar | : | The number of students is increasing each year. |
‘the number of students’ adalah tunggal dan diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal (singular verb), sedangkan a number of students adalah jamak dan diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak (plural verb).
| Salah | : | Teacher absenteeism in our country is the three-highest in the world. |
| Benar | : | Teacher absenteeism in our country is the third-highest in the world. |
Kita menggunakan ordinal number (first, second, third) + hyphen (-) + the superlative adjective, jangan gunakan cardinal number (one, two, three).
| Salah | : | People who have a sense of optimism about the future are more likely to evaluate their relationship positively than people who have negative feelings about the future. |
| Benar | : | People who have a sense of optimism about the future are more likely to evaluate their relationship positively than are people who have negative feelings about the future. |
‘than/as’ dapat diikuti oleh kata kerja yang diinversi.
| Salah | : | The TOEFL book, that was written by me, is quite good. |
| Benar | : | The TOEFL book, which was written by me, is quite good. |
Dalam defining clause, yaitu clause yang memberikan informasi tambahan pada kata benda yang diterangkan, kita harus menggunakan which.
| Salah | : | Our main priority at the moment is to developing the brand, the concept, the store design and the menu. |
| Benar | : | Our main priority at the moment is to develop the brand, the concept, the store design and the menu. |
‘to infinitive’ dapat berfungsi sebagai obyek dari be.
| Salah | : | I have been looking forward to see you. |
| Benar | : | I have been looking forward to seeing you. |
‘to’ sebagai preposisi dapat dikombinasikan dengan verb. Beberapa contoh verb + to sebagai preposisi: accustomed to, addicted to, dedicated to, devoted to, opposed to, be used to, object to, look forward to, confess to. Kata kerja yang mengikuti preposisi harus dalam bentuk ‘verb ing’.
| Salah | : | I will write three books by the time you start writing your first book. |
| Benar | : | I will have written three books by the time you start writing your first book. |
‘the future perfect tense’ menyatakan suatu perkiraan bahwa suatu kejadian akan selesai pada suatu waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang dan biasanya digunakan dengan by the time (menjelang). Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:
subject + will have + the past participle.
| Salah | : | The school had collapsed during school hours, many would have been injured. |
| Benar | : | Had the school collapsed during school hours, many would have been injured. |
‘had the school collapsed’ mempunyai arti if the school had collapsed.
| Salah | : | Many private universities are better quality nowadays. |
| Benar | : | Many private universities are of better quality nowadays. |
Ada konstruksi be of + noun seperti: be of little importance, be of the opinion, be of great survival value, be of the same length, be of great interest and value.
| Salah | : | Schizophrenia usually first appear in adolescence or early adulthood and affects about two million Americans. |
| Benar | : | Schizophrenia usually first appears in adolescence or early adulthood and affects about two million Americans. |
‘the simple present tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan sehari-hari, kegiatan yang dilakukan secara teratur, kebiasaan dan kenyataan.
Rumus: I/ we/ you/ they + infinitive dan he/ she/ it + verb + s
| Salah | : | About two years ago, she quits smoking after a nine-year passionate love affair with the habit. |
| Benar | : | About two years ago, she quit smoking after a nine-year passionate love affair with the habit. |
‘the simple past tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Rumus: subject + the past tense of verb. Bentuk past tense dari quit adalah tetap quit.
| Salah | : | A permit issued for mining activities over a vast area will usually valid for five years. |
| Benar | : | A permit issued for mining activities over a vast area will usually be valid for five years. |
‘the simple future tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Rumus: subject + will + infinitive. ‘valid’ adalah adjective sehingga yang digunakan adalah bentuk infinitive dari kata kerja bantu, yaitu ‘be’.
| Salah | : | Believe it or not. Land prices in Japan fall for a thirteenth straight year and are now at levels last seen before the ‘bubble economy’ of the late 1980s. |
| Benar | : | Believe it or not. Land prices in Japan have fallen for a thirteenth straight year and are now at levels last seen before the ‘bubble economy’ of the late 1980s. |
‘the present perfect tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau keadaan yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Berlangsungnya kejadian tersebut dapat secara terus menerus tanpa henti atau ada tenggang waktu.
Rumus: I/ you/ we/ they + have + the past participle atau he/ she/ it + has + the past participle
| Salah | : | The age at which people choose to marry has rising every decade for the past thirty years. |
| Benar | : | The age at which people choose to marry has been rising every decade for the past thirty years. |
‘the present perfect continuous tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai saat dibicarakan atau baru saja berakhir.
Rumus: I/ we/ you/ they + have been + the past participle atau he/ she/ it + has + the past participle
| Salah | : | While countries in the region competing to manufacture the next generation of television, our country is still debating whether an old 29-inch TV is a luxury. |
| Benar | : | While countries in the region are competing to manufacture the next generation of television, our country is still debating whether an old 29-inch TV is a luxury. |
‘the present continuous tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang terjadi di depan mata kita atau sesuatu yang kita bayangkan sedang terjadi.
Rumus: I am + verb ing, I/ we/ you/ they are + verb ing dan He/ she/ it + is + verb ing
| Salah | : | We finished our tour just as the sun setting. |
| Benar | : | We finished our tour just as the sun was setting. |
‘the past continuous tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada satu titik di masa lampau. Kejadian tersebut mempunyai durasi dan berakhir di masa lampau.
Rumus: I/ he/ she/ it + was + verb ing atau we/ you/ they + were + verb ing
| Salah | : | By 2030, India’s population will surpass 1.5 million, overtaking China’s population. |
| Benar | : | By 2030, India’s population will have surpassed 1.5 million, overtaking China’s population. |
‘the future perfect tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sudah selesai di satu titik waktu di masa yang akan datang.
Rumus: subject + will have + the past participle
| Salah | : | Two years ago people giggled at the idea of space tourism in the foreseeable future, but it will happening by 2007. |
| Benar | : | Two years ago people giggled at the idea of space tourism in the foreseeable future, but it will be happening by 2007. |
‘the future continuous tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada satu titik waktu di masa yang akan datang.
Rumus: subject + will be + verb ing
| Salah | : | When I reach the age of 70, I will have living here for 42 years. |
| Benar | : | When I reach the age of 70, I will have been living here for 42 years. |
‘the future perfect continuous tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang mulai terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan berlangsung sampai satu titik waktu ketika atau sebelum suatu kejadian lain terjadi.
Rumus: subject + will have been + verb ing
| Salah | : | He has decided to immediately finalize that matter. |
| Benar | : | He has decided to finalize that matter immediately. |
Hindari penempatan adverb diantara to dan infinitive yang disebut split infinitive. Dalam TOEFL, hal ini tidak benar. ‘split infinitive’ hanya digunakan dalam pemakaian yang informal.
| Salah | : | He went to the dentist to have one of his tooth removed. |
| Benar | : | He went to the dentist to have one of his teeth removed. |
Bentuk jamak dari tooth adalah teeth. Ada bentuk jamak yang tidak teratur seperti:
child → children, foot → feet, mouse → mice.
| Salah | : | Please rise your hand. |
| Benar | : | Please raise your hand. |
‘raise’ mempunyai arti ‘lift or move something to a higher level’, sedangkan ‘rise’ mempunyai arti ‘appear’ seperti dalam kalimat ‘The sun rises in the east’.
| Salah | : | She usually lied the baby on the bed. |
| Benar | : | She usually lays the baby on the bed. |
Bentuk perubahan dari kata kerja ‘lay’ adalah ‘lay-laid-laid’ dengan arti meletakkan sesuatu, sedangkan bentuk perubahan kata kerja dari ‘lie’ adalah ‘lie-lay-lain’ dengan arti berbaring.
| Salah | : | Everybody should take care of their belongings. |
| Benar | : | Everybody should take care of his belongings. |
Dalam bahasa Inggris formal, gunakan possessive adjective ‘his’. Dalam bahasa percakapan, kita dapat menggunakan their.
| Salah | : | I look forward to receive an early reply. |
| Benar | : | I look forward to receving an early reply. |
‘to’ adalah preposisi dan harus diikuti oleh verb ing. Contoh kata kerja yang lain adalah accustomed to, object to, confess to, devote to.
| Salah | : | His job is make sure that the engine keeps running. |
| Benar | : | His job is to make sure that the engine keeps running. |
‘to infinitive’ digunakan setelah be seperti contoh di atas. Kita dapat menggunakan infinitive tanpa to maupun dengan to jika ada kata kerja ‘do’ sebelum be. Misalnya, ‘What he has to do is (to) make sure that the engine keeps running’.
| Salah | : | Leave me do it. |
| Benar | : | Let me do it. |
‘leave’ mempunyai arti ‘go away from a person or a place’ (meninggalkan), sedangkan ‘let’ mempunyai arti ‘allow somebody to do something’ (membiarkan).
| Salah | : | Can you see anywhere to set? |
| Benar | : | Can you see anywhere to sit? |
‘set’ mempunyai arti ‘put something in a particular place’ (menaruh), sedangkan
‘sit’ mempunyai arti ‘put your lower part of the body on something’ (duduk).
| Salah | : | We each has a book. |
| Benar | : | We each have a book. |
| Salah | : | None of the students is here. |
| Benar | : | None of the students are here. |
‘none of’ diikuti oleh plural countable noun dan menggunakan plural verb.
| Salah | : | Handwritten manuscripts by Newton went on display at the Social Science Library. |
| Benar | : | Handwritten manuscripts by Newton went on display at the Social Sciences Library. |
‘Social’ menerangkan ‘Sciences’ bukan ‘Library’ sehingga sciences dapat berbentuk jamak. Beberapa frasa yang demikian adalah human rights activists, human resources department.
| Salah | : | On average, adults losts 2 percent of lean muscle mass every year of life and in the long term, muscle loss can result in frailty, disability and loss of independence. |
| Benar | : | On average, adults lost 2 percent of lean muscle mass every year of life and in the long term, muscle loss can result in frailty, disability and loss of independence. |
‘the simple present tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi sehari-hari atau suatu kenyataan.
| Salah | : | We would see such an improvement if enforcement had been implemented. |
| Benar | : | We would have seen such an improvement if enforcement had been implemented. |
‘the future perfect tense’ mempunyai konstruksi would have + the past participle dan biasanya digunakan dalam conditional sentences in the past.
| Salah | : | Nadia Comaneci creates Olympic history when she became the first gymnast to score a perfect 10 during the 1976 Montreal Games. |
| Benar | : | Nadia Comaneci created Olympic history when she became the first gymnast to score a perfect 10 during the 1976 Montreal Games. |
‘the simple past tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau keadaan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
| Salah | : | Perhaps a more accurate reflection of what we seeing at the moment is a lack of oil investment in getting the oil out of the ground rather than a shortage of reserves. |
| Benar | : | Perhaps a more accurate reflection of what we are seeing at the moment is a lack of oil investment in getting the oil out of the ground rather than a shortage of reserves. |
Bentuk ‘the present continuous tense’ adalah be (am/is/are) + verb ing dan digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang sedang terjadi saat dikatakan.
| Salah | : | The world is heating for the last 50 years and the Earth is at its hottest in 10,000 years. |
| Benar | : | The world has been heating for the last 50 years and the Earth is at its hottest in 10,000 years. |
Salah satu penggunaan ‘the present perfect continuous tense’ adalah untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan pada saat dikatakan kejadian tersebut belum selesai atau masih sedang berlangsung.
| Salah | : | A young man was spending a leisurely lunchtime looking at some of the pictures hanging on the walls of a small gallery in the Centre Culturel Français (CCF), while several others having a drink near the gallery. |
| Benar | : | A young man was spending a leisurely lunchtime looking at some of the pictures hanging on the walls of a small gallery in the Centre Culturel Français, while several others were having a drink near the gallery. |
‘the past continuous tense’ mempunyai konstruksi be (was/were) + verb ing dan digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada satu titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau
| Salah | : | Two years ago people giggled at the idea of space tourism in the foreseeable future, but it will be happen by 2007. |
| Benar | : | Two years ago people giggled at the idea of space tourism in the foreseeable future, but it will be happening by 2007. |
‘the future continuous tense’ mempunyai konstruksi will be + verb ing dan digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada satu titik waktu di masa yang akan datang.
| Salah | : | The marsupial has no natural predator, but were in decline for the last few decades due to urban sprawl and from car accidents. |
| Benar | : | The marsupial has no natural predator, but has been in decline for the last few decades due to urban sprawl and from car accidents. |
‘the present perfect tense’ mempunyai konstruksi has/have + the past participle dan digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan sampai sekarang kejadian tersebut masih terjadi dan mempunyai dampaknya. Salah satu penunjuk waktunya adalah the last few decades/years/months dan lain-lain.
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